El 115 Ch. 5 & 7 Vocab

Front 1

Metacognition

Back 1

is the process of understanding how you learn, what you need to learn, and finally, which strategies or techniques would be the most effective or best match to the learning task

Front 2

Encoding

Back 2

is the process of attaching special memory codes to information so that long term memory can process, categorize, and store it for later use and retrieval

Front 3

Memory storage

Back 3

Is the process of holding or maintaining coded information for a given period of time

Front 4

Memory retrieval

Back 4

Is the process of recalling, pulling back into use, or recovering coded information from memory

Front 5

Sensory input

Back 5

Refers to all the sensory stimuli from the physical world that we received through our five senses --sight, sound, touch, taste, and smell.

Front 6

Sensory memory

Back 6

Is a temporary storage center that receives and holds sensory input for one or two seconds

Front 7

Selective attention

Back 7

Is the process of focusing on or attending to specific stimuli that are important to process further

Front 8

Short-term memory (STM)

Back 8

Is the temporary storage center in working memory that receives information from the sensory center and briefly holds the information for further processing or encoding

Front 9

Long term memory (LTM)

Back 9

Is a permanent storage center that holds chunks of information received from working memory

Front 10

Shemas

Back 10

Are sets of memories or clusters of related information that form large concepts or frameworks to which other related ideas, facts, and details can be attached

Front 11

Semantic encoding

Back 11

Also called conceptual coding or abstract coding, processes the general meaning of basic knowledge, objects, events, or personal experiences

Front 12

Episodic memory

Back 12

Is a memory of a specific experience (an episode) that include specific details and emotions

Front 13

The Magic 7 (+ or -) 2 Theory

Back 13

States that immediate memory span is 7 items plus two items or minus two items

Front 14

Information Processing Model

Back 14

Is the cognitive model that consist of three memory centers: sensory memory, working memory (which includes short-term memory), and long term memory

Front 15

Working memory (WM)

Back 15

Refers to all cognitive processes or activities that occur in our conscious mind

Front 16

Output

Back 16

Is some form of action, demonstration, or performance that shows that learning has taken place

Front 17

Recognition task

Back 17

Are a form of output that demonstrates your ability to retrieve specific information or details when some kind of prompt or clue is provided

Front 18

Recall tasks

Back 18

Or form of output that demonstrates your ability to retrieve specific information or details imprinted in your LTM when no prompt or clue is provided

Front 19

Declarative knowledge (factual knowledge)

Back 19

Is information that includes facts, set of details, definitions, concepts, events or experiences

Front 20

Procedural knowledge (process knowledge)

Back 20

Is information that involves steps or processes used to solve problems or create specific products with accuracy and speed

Front 21

Elaborative rehearsal (also called elaboration)

Back 21

Is the process of thinking about, pondering, or working with and encoding information in new ways

Front 22

Rote memory

Back 22

Is the process of using repetition to learn information in the exact form in which it was presented

Front 23

Visualization

Back 23

Is a process of using visual encoding to make pictures or movies in your mind

Front 24

Recitation

Back 24

Is a process of explaining information clearly, out loud in your own words, and in complete sentences without referring to printed material

Front 25

The Look-Away Technique

Back 25

Involves looking at printed information and then looking away to recall and recite the details without any visual prompts

Front 26

Selectivity

Back 26

Is the process of identifying and separating main ideas and important details from a larger body of information

Front 27

Self-quizzing

Back 27

Is the process of testing yourself so you can receive feedback about the accuracy and completeness of your understanding

Front 28

Feedback

Back 28

Is the process of verifying how accurately and thoroughly you have or have not learned specific information

Front 29

Positive feedback

Back 29

Is a response that shows you accurately understand specific information

Front 30

Negative feedback

Back 30

Is a response that shows you have limited or inaccurate understanding a specific information

Front 31

Feedback Model

Back 31

Is a five-step process that demonstrates whether learning has or has not taken place

Front 32

Association

Back 32

Is the process of linking together two or more items or chunks of information to process into long-term memory

Front 33

Paired associations

Back 33

Are two items linked together in working memory and sent to long-term memory to be imprinted

Front 34

Retrieval cues

Back 34

Are forms of information used to conduct memory searches to locate information stored in long-term memory

Front 35

The recency effect

Back 35

States that the items you will remember more easily or items that you most recently practice

Front 36

A five-day study plan

Back 36

Is a plan of action that helps you organize your materials and schedule time to review for a major test, such as a midterm or a final exam

Front 37

Summary notes

Back 37

Are specific notes that include information that you need to review further before the day of the test

Front 38

True-false questions

Back 38

Are objective questions that require you to recognize if a statement is true or false

Front 39

Multiple-choice questions

Back 39

Are objective questions that require you to select the best answer from a group of options to complete an opening statement

Front 40

Matching questions

Back 40

Are objective questions that require you to match items in the left column with items in the right column

Front 41

Closed questions

Back 41

Are questions that require specific answers

Front 42

Open-ended questions

Back 42

Are questions that have a variety of possible answers

Front 43

Direction words

Back 43

Are words in test questions that indicate what is expected in the answers

Front 44

Fill-in-the-blanks questions

Back 44

Are recalled questions that require you to write a term or a word on each blank line to complete the statement

Front 45

Listing questions

Back 45

Are recall questions that require you to generate a list of items from memory to answer a question

Front 46

Definition questions

Back 46

Are recall questions that require you to define and expand upon vocabulary terms

Front 47

Short-answer questions

Back 47

Are recall questions that require you to pull information from memory to write a short answer to a question

Front 48

Problem-solving questions

Back 48

Are questions that require you to use procedural knowledge to apply a series of steps to solve a problem

Front 49

Essay questions

Back 49

Require you to retrieve information from memory and organize it into several paragraphs with main ideas that are related to a thesis statement

Front 50

The four levels of response

Back 50

Are sequential steps students can use to answer test questions: immediate, delayed, assisted, and educated selection

Front 51

Immediate response

Back 51

Involves immediately knowing the answer

Front 52

Delayed response

Back 52

Involves conducting a memory search to retrieve the answer from long-term memory

Front 53

Assisted response

Back 53

Involves using other questions in the test to assist you with answering the question

Front 54

Educated selection

Back 54

Involves using a variety of strategies to increase your odds in selecting the correct answer

Front 55

Stress

Back 55

Is the reaction in response to events or situations that threaten to disrupt a person's normal patterns or routines

Front 56

Test anxiety

Back 56

Is excessive stress that hinders a person's ability to perform well during a test

Front 57

Systematic desensitization

Back 57

Is an anxiety-reducing strategy that involves a series of activities designed to reduce strong negative emotional reactions to an upcoming situation