Ekg

Front 1

When was the experiment with frog legs done?

Back 1

1790

Front 2

Who discovered the electrical stimuli could be monitored from a person skin?

Back 2

Ludwig and Waller, 1880

Front 3

What are the 4 natural pacemakers?

Back 3

1) SA node
2) AV node
3) Bundle of his
4) Purkinje Fibers

Front 4

Define EKG blocks?

Back 4

5 large horizontal blocks = 1 second
1 large block = 0.2 seconds
1 small block = 0.04 seconds
5 small blocks = 1 large block

-------> horizontal line represent time

Front 5

EKG blocks

Back 5

1) 1 small vertical block = 0.1 mv (millivolts)
2) 1 large vertical block = 0.5 mv
3) 1 millivolts = 1 mm

Front 6

Define P wave?

Back 6

1) Location - before the QRS complex
2) Amplitude - 2 to 3 mm high
3) Duration - 0.06 to 0.12 seconds
4) Configuration - Usually rounded & upright

Front 7

What is abnormal P Wave?

Back 7

1) Appearance = peaked, notched & enlarged.
2) Pathology = AH - PO, PE, VD, HF
O-obstruction
E-Emboli
D-Disease

Front 8

Define Emboli & Thrombus?

Back 8

E- traveling clot
T- clot the doesn't travel.

Front 9

What is the PR interval?

Back 9

1) tracks the SA-AV-BOH-R&LBB
2) Duration-0.12 to 0.20 seconds
3) beginning of P - beginning of QRS complex

Front 10

What is abnormal PR interval?

Back 10

1) PR < 0.12 pulse doesn't originated other than the SA node associated with JA (junction arrhythmia)
2) PR > 0.20 delay from the atria to the AV node due to heart block related to ischemia or tissue disease

Front 11

What is QRS complex?

Back 11

1) Represent depolarization of ventricles
2) Location - follows the PR interval
3) Amplitude- 5 to 30 mm
4) Duration- 0.06 to 0.10 seconds

Front 12

What is an abnormal QRS complex?

Back 12

1) Q wave deep & wide = MI
2) R wave notched = BB block
3) QRS complex > 0.12 ventricular conduction delay
4) missing QRS complex- AV block, ventricular stand still (Not contracting)

Front 13

What is an ST segment?

Back 13

1) End of depolarization & beginning of repolarization.
2) J wave marks end of QRS and beginning of ST.
3) Location = from S wave to beginning of T wave.

Front 14

What is an abnormal ST segment?

Back 14

1) Change in ST indicated myocardial damage.
2) ST depression = Myocardial Ischemia (MI)
3) ST elevation = Myocardial Injury.

Front 15

Heart wall damage?

Back 15

Ischemia = reduce blood flow.
Injury = Acute or Instant.
Infarction = Dead tissue (Necrosis)

Endocardium = Infarction = Deep & Wide Q wave.
Myocardium = Injury = ST elevation.
Epicardium = Ischemia = ST depression & inverted T wave.

Front 16

What is the T wave?

Back 16

1) Represents repolarization / recovery.
2) Location = After S wave.
3) Amplitude = 0.5 mm.
4) Configuration = typically round & smooth.

Front 17

What is an abnormal T wave?

Back 17

Tall, peaked & tented = Myocardial Injury
Inverted T = Myocardial Ischemia.
Heavy notched & pointed T wave = pericarditis.

pericarditis = Inflammed outer wall (Epicardium)

Front 18

Definition of abnormal QT interval?

Back 18

Prolonged QT interval = arrhythmia aka torsades de pointes
Short QT interval = Hypercalcemia

Hypercalcemia = lot of calcium in the heart.

Front 19

Definition of QT interval?

Back 19

measures ventricular depolarization & repolarization.
length varies according to HR.
Faster HR = shorter QT interval
Slower HR = Longer QT interval

Front 20

How is the HR obtain in EKG?

Back 20

Measure between R waves
Large block goes from 300-150-100-75-60-50-43-37.

Front 21

What is an Arrhythmia?

Back 21

Abnormal Rhythm at the SA node sending 60-100 bpm

Front 22

What is a Sinus Arrhythmia?

Back 22

1) SA node fires irregularly
2) cardiac rate doesn't change
3) Rhythm irregular correspond with respiratory cycle.
4) Normal in athletes & children rarely infants.
5) inferior wall myocardial Infarction, advanced age, morphine, any condition related to intra cranial pressure.

Front 23

What is a Sinus bradycardia?

Back 23

1) HR below 60 bpm.
2) Normally during sleep or Ex - athlete.
3) Inferior wall MI involving the RCA which supplies blood to the SA node
4) Can be caused by cardiomyopathy (Abnormal condition of the heart muscle) Myocarditis (inflammation of the middle heart wall) & Myocardial Ischemia.
symptoms = dizziness, blurry visión & chest pain.