Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
90 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
What are the 2 most common presenting signs in reptiles?
|
Anorexia
Dysecdysis |
|
|
How can you bring a reptile out of hibernation anorexia?
|
Change light cycle (increase day light) over the period of a month to help break fast
Tease with warm, bloody prey# May need to force feed and dop fluid therapy if losing weight, dehydrated or hypoglycaemic |
|
|
When tortoises emerge from hibernation how long should they take before eating?
|
Should start in 24-48 hours; if dont start in 7 days needs vet. Check glucose levels and for rhinitis and then tx with assisted feeding (pharyngostomy tube)
|
|
|
What is metabolic bone dz (MBD) in tortoises and lizards due to
|
Lack of dietary Ca
Improper Ca:Ph ratio in diet Lack of Vit D3 Lack of UV light |
|
|
C/S MBD lizards
|
Soft ribs
Swollen mandible Spontaneous fracture Twitching with severe hypoCa Green iguanas turn brown |
|
|
C/S MBD snakes and chelonia
|
Cant lift head
Anorexic Twitching muscles Chelonian dvp augmented shell and deformed beak, penile phiomosis, bent limbs |
|
|
Rad signs for MBD
|
Bones become ST density and have decreased cortical thickness and loss of trabeculae - signs seen first in the digits
|
|
|
Can you measure serum Ca for MBD?
|
Not really helpful bc able to maintian normal Ca even with severe dz - look at Ca:Ph ratio instead
|
|
|
Tx of MBD
|
Stabilise fractures
Force feed and Ca supp in severe cases If seizuring from hypoCa give Ca-gluconate inj at max 100g/kg (IV, IM, SC with 0.9% saline diluted) Switch to oral Ca when stable Consider 2ng/kg calcitriol from fish oil to help with renal/liver dz by decreasing high PTH |
|
|
Who normally gets hypovit A
|
Juvenile terrapins fed an unsuitable diet of un-supplemented greens and meat (meaning concurrent MBD cld be present) and presents at 2-3 months of age when yolk sac has been absorbed and animal reliant on dietary intake
|
|
|
C/S hypovit A
|
Swollen eyes due to expansion of Harderian gland with accm of desquamated debris; conmjunctivitis secondary to low immunity
Turtles get hyperkeratosis of beak and sometimes resp infection |
|
|
Pathogenesis of hypovit A
|
Squamous metaoplasia of epithelial surfaces esp resp tract and eyes
|
|
|
Tx of hypovit A
|
Diet correction like adding small fish and earthworms for terrapins and supplementing (inj not recommneded bc gives blisters)
|
|
|
What do chronic cases of hypovit A get?
|
Kidney involvement; can lead to gout if tubules affected
|
|
|
Who gets hypovit B1
|
Garter snakes fed on sea fish (high in thiaminase) or frozen fish (low vits, increases thiaminase activity)
Manifests as a neuro condition |
|
|
C/S hypovit B1
|
Twitching
Apparent blindness Circling Death |
|
|
Pathogenesis of hypovit B1
|
Cerebrocortical necrosis and peripheral neuritis + cardiomyopathy
|
|
|
Diag and tx of hypovit B1
|
Blood sample to confirm
Tx with oral thiamine 25-50 mg/kg daily and then fix diet (defrost fish and add 20 mg of thiamine per 1 kg fish) If no improvement in 6-12 hours, bad prog |
|
|
What is gout and causes
|
Deposition of uric acid crystals in tissue as a result of persistant elevated plasma uric acid
Excess protein metab (from dog/cat food usu) Severe dehydration Renal Dz |
|
|
Diag of gout
|
Blood uric over 700 mmol/L and rads with visceral crystals
|
|
|
How many forms of gout
|
2
1 - visceral (more common), deposited in pericardial sac, liver, spleen, kidneys 2 - articular; in joints, tendons and periosteum |
|
|
Ddx gout
|
Arthritis
Hyper-PTH (ca in tissue) TB (masses in muscle) |
|
|
Tx of gout?
|
Flushing tophi out of joints
Address diet Allopurinol 10-50 mg/kg PO SID inhibits xanthine oxidase thereby degrading xanthine to uric acid....but doesnt tx underlying cause |
|
|
Main reptile enteritis bacterial isolates?
|
E.coli
Pseudomonas (mostly g neg spp) |
|
|
Main enteritis protozoa and C/S
|
Entamoeba invadens; causes dz in omnis and carnis (herbivores are carriers)
C/S inlcude regurg, refusing food, PD, foul-smelling dysentery |
|
|
Where does crypto affect and C/S
|
S.I (zoonotic!!) and stomach; thickened stomach mucosa occludes lumen causing regurg.
Other C/S anorexia, mid-body swelling, lethargy |
|
|
Tx for protozoa and nematodes?
|
P - metronidazole PO repeat in 14 dyas
N - fenbendazole PO SID 3 days repeat in 14 low dose; OR high dose PO and repeat in 14 days |
|
|
Who gets mouth rot and what is it?
|
Infectious ulcerative stomatitis, most common in snakes and lizards secondary to poor husbandry, stress or trauma
Causative agent: aeromonas hydrophila g (-) |
|
|
C/S mouth rot
|
Petechiation and oedema of gingiva and palate with stringy, frothy slaiva that progresses to ulcers and frank pus. Can lead to osteomyelitis of mandible and spread of infection to trachea and oeso
Chelonia get rhinitis and conjunctivitis bc this is secondary to herpesvirus |
|
|
Tx mouth rot
|
Early signs only? povidone iodine with cotton bud
Late signs - GA and aggressive debriding and application of topical tx; daily cleansing with AB gives cure in 2-3 weeks Consider ceftazidime IM q 3 days or enrofloxacin 10-20 mg/kg on alternating days + nutrition, fluids and vits |
|
|
Who gets periodontal dz
|
Agamids and chameleons because they have acrodont teeth which are not continually replaced
|
|
|
C/S tx or periodontal dz
|
Mild is light calculus and severe is exposed bone, asbscesses and osteomyelitis
Tx by removing calculus, flushign gingiva, curetting abscesses and affected bone and giving systemic AB; dont feed soft fruit and veg |
|
|
Who get intestinal impaction and WHY
|
Lizards and chelonia due to tank substrate
|
|
|
C/S intestinal impaction
|
Anorexia
Scant faeces Rectal prolapse |
|
|
Tx of intestinal impaction
|
Underlying causes - parasites, dehydration, removing substrates
Fluid therapy Cloacal wash PO lactulose to move FB through Sx if no resolutiobn |
|
|
How do the different reptiles slough (ecdysis)
|
Chelonians in small pieces
Lizards in large sheets Snakes in one piece |
|
|
Describe ecdysis in the snake
|
Outer layer of epidermis (incl spectacle) becomes dull and opaque (4-7 days) the skin then clears but the animal remains dull, lethargic and inappetant for another 4-7 days until skin shed
|
|
|
Causes of skin retention?
|
Low humidity
If aquatic chelonia - no dry hotspot Mite infestation Scale rot Blister dz |
|
|
Sequellae of dysecdysis
|
Subspectacular abscess
Self-amputation of digits and tail (dry gangrene) |
|
|
Tx of dysecdysis
|
Humididty chamber
Soak in warm h20 bath for 30 min and then rub off dry skin with wet cloth or cotton bud - may require several soaks over 4-6 days |
|
|
Tx of spectacle in dysecdysis cases?
|
Soften with liquid paraffin and use fine forceps to remove retained spectacles under GA
|
|
|
Ophionyssus natricis mite
|
Black, shiny mite of snakes and lizards; female lays eggs in crevices within enclosure.
Blood sucking and cause blood loss, pruritus, dysecdysis and possible xmission of aeromonas hydrophila |
|
|
Tx of mites
|
Repeated doses of ivermectin PO, SC or IM 2 weeks apart (NOT CHELONIA)
OR topical fipronil or ivermectin spray (can also use in enviro) |
|
|
Abscesses in reptiles?
|
Trauma or haem spread
SC solid swelling swith caseous pus and fibrous capsule |
|
|
Tx abscesses
|
Complete excision and routine wound closure rather than lancing - submit part of capsule for culture
|
|
|
Main abscess culprits
|
Aeromonas
Pasteurella Staphs Pseudomonas |
|
|
Ddx SKIN MASS
|
Abscess
Fungal granuloma Parasitic Calcium deposit Neoplasia MBDz |
|
|
What does a shell with ulceration look like?
|
Necrotic and foul smelling with possible osteolytic bone; check for concurrent septicaemia
|
|
|
What do thermal burns look like?
|
Fungal or bacterial dermatitis
|
|
|
Tx for thermal burns
|
Fluids
Topical wet-dry bandages AB ointments like silver sulfadiazine or povidone-iodine |
|
|
Who likes to colonise burn wounds?
|
Our friend pseudomonas aeruginosa; tx with systemic AB against g (-) and pain relief
|
|
|
Sequellae of burns
|
Permanent scarring can lead to dysecdysis
|
|
|
What yellow fungus can cause a fatal skin dz of bearded dragons?
|
Chrysosporum anamorph of nannizziopsis vriesli (CANV)
|
|
|
Tx of CANV
|
Excise or debride lesions and clean with chlorhex in conjunction with itraconazole or ketoconazole PO or topical terbinafine
|
|
|
C/S URT issues
|
Nasal and ocular discharge
Stomatitis with herpes cases |
|
|
Main causes of URT dz
|
Mycoplasma
Herpesvirus |
|
|
Tx of URT dz
|
Herpesvirus - acyclovir tabs SID PO for 10 days or a 5% cream per nares
Start AB as well |
|
|
C/S LRT pneumonia
|
Gasping, open mouth breathing, increased resp sounds, cyanosis, extended neck
SNAKES YAWN! Terrapins sink or tilt to side of consolidated lung |
|
|
Causes of pneumonia
|
Bacterial (aeromonas)
Secondary to viral (OPMV or IBD) |
|
|
Diag and tx of pneumonia
|
Rads and tracheal lavage
Supp care, keep at upper POTZ, start g (-) AB (may need 6-8 weeks worth), clear nasal 0passages and consider nebulisation with F:10 for 30-45 min 2x/day |
|
|
What is ophidian paramyxovirus (OPMV)
|
RNA virus with a variety of C/S - affects snakes.
Acute - dead, resp or CNS signs Chronic - anorexia, emaciation, reluctance to move, diarrhoea |
|
|
Are there normal OPMV cases?
|
Yes, clinically healthy, asymptomatic carries that shed
|
|
|
Diag OPMV?
|
Paired blood samples
Tx is supportive with AB to prevent 2ary infection |
|
|
What is inclusion body dz
|
Affects boas and pythons
Multisystemic C/S including GIT (regurg), resp (pneumonia) and CNS (paralysis, loss of righting reflex). Rapid course and no tx |
|
|
Ddx CNS issues
|
OPMV
IBD HypoCa OP toxicity Hypovit B1 Meningitis Freeze damage in chelonia |
|
|
C/S UTI
|
Anorexia
Cachexia Gout |
|
|
Diag of UTI
|
Cant use urea and creat; urse uric acid and phosphorus
|
|
|
How else can phos increase besides renal dz
|
Repro activity or diet
|
|
|
How else can uric acid increase besides renal dz
|
High protein meals
Dehydration |
|
|
Aetiology of UTI
|
Gout
Hypervit D and HyperCa Urinary calculi |
|
|
Main urinary calculi in tortoises?
|
Calcium urates or ammonium urate
|
|
|
Why do calculi dvp?
|
Dehydratiojn
Acidosis/alkalosis Unsuitable diet |
|
|
Who likes to infect urinary tract
|
Hexamita parva in chelonia
Entamoeba invadens Cocci Protozoa |
|
|
Tx of UTI
|
Metro every 2 weeks for 3 tx
|
|
|
Aetiology of egg binding (follicular stasis)
|
Not understoof fully
Inappropriate husbandry and nutrition |
|
|
Patho of egg binding
|
If follicles dont ovulate or become atretic + reabsorbed, the ovaries and follicles can become inflammed
|
|
|
C/S egg binding
|
lethary
anorexia distended abdomen firm odourless droppings increased albumin, Ca and P palpate 2 cm multiple masses |
|
|
Tx of egg binding
|
In clinically well patients just supp care and ensuring good temp and photoperiod
Severe cases need force feed (even months) until can ovulate OHE! |
|
|
What time period indicates dystocia?
|
Over 24-48 hours
|
|
|
C/S dystocia
|
Restless
Straining Prolapsed oviduct |
|
|
2 forms of dystocia
|
Nonobstructive due to lack of suitable nesting site, stress, lack of Ca and oviduct infections
OPbstructive due to egg/foetal oversize or malformation, coelomic masses, oviduct structure and abnormal pelvic structure or size |
|
|
Tx of dystocia
|
Nonobst-good enviro and nesting sometimes enough
Ill ones need fluids, nutrition and calcium supp Can induce with Ca and oxytocin, repeat after 4-6 hours (oxytocin not used in snakes); can try manual manip but NOT with oxytocin |
|
|
Force feeding dose for reptiles?
|
10 mL/kg in 2 doses
|
|
|
Fluid doses
|
2-3% bw chelonia
1-2% bw lizards and snakes |
|
|
USG reptiles
|
1.003-1.014
|
|
|
Blood sample amount?
|
5-8% (like 0.7 mL for a 100g snake)
|
|
|
IM injection sites?
|
intercostals for snake
legs for others tail for lizards |
|
|
SC injection sites?
|
Over ribs for snakes and lizards
Loose skin in chelonia |
|
|
How much can you inject at any one spot?
|
0.2 mL if under 100g
|
|
|
Is premed necessary?
|
No
|
