Educational Psychology - Behaviorism

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Activity reinforcer

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An opportunity to engage n a favorite activity

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Antecedent response

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a response that increases the liklihoon that a certain other response will follow

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antecedent stimulus

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a stimulus that increases the liklihood that a particular response will follow

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applied behavior analysis (ABA)

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the systematic application of behavioristprinciples in educational and therapeutic settings; sometimes called behavior modification, behavior therapy, or contingency management

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backup reinforcer

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a reinforcer tha a student can "purchase" with one or more tokes earned in a token economy

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baseline

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The frequency of a response before operant conditioning takes place

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behavioral momentum

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an increased tendency for a learner to make a particulare response immediately after making similar responses

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behaviorism

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a theoretical perspective in which learning and behavior are described and explained in terms of stimulus-response relationships

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classical conditioning

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a form of learning whereby a new, involuntary response is acquired as a resulto of two stimuli being presented at the same time

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concrete reinforcer

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a reinforcer that can be touched

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conditioned response (CR)

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a response that, through classical conditioning, begins to elicit a particular response

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conditioning

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a term for "learning" commonly used by behaviorist

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contituity

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the occurence of two or more events at the same time

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contigency

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a situation in which one event happens only after another event has already occurred

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contingency contract

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a formal agreement between a teacher and a student that identifies behaviors the student will exhibit and the reinforcers that will follow

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continuous reinforcement

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reinforcement of a response every time it occurs

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cueing

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the use of signals to indicate that a certian behavior is desired or that a certain behavior should stop

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delay of gratification

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the ability to forgo small, immediate reinforcers in order to obtain larger ones later on

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descrimination

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a phenomenon in operant conditioning in which a student learns that a response is reinforced in the presence of one stimulus but not in the presence of another, similar stimulus

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extinction

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gradual disappearance of an acquired response.

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extrinsic reinforcer

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a reinforcer that comes from outside the environment, rather than from within the learner

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functional analysis

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exzamination of a learner's inappropriate behavior and its antecedents and consequences, to determine the functions that the behavior might serve for the learner

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generalization

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a phenomenon in which a person learns a response to a particular stimulus and then makes the same response to similar stimuli. In classical conditioning, it involves making a conditioned response to stimuli similare to a conditioned stimulus. In operant conditioning, it involves making a voluntary response to stimuli similar to a stimulus antecedent to a response-reinforcement contigency

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group contigency

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a situation in which everyone in a group must make a particulaar response before reinforcement occurs

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incompatible behaviors

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two ore more behaviors that cannot be performed simultaneously

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intermittent reinforcement

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reinforcement of a resopnse only occasionally, with some occurrences of teh response going unreinforced

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intrinsic reinforcer

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a reinforcer provided by oneself or inherent in the task being perfomred

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logical consequence

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a consequence that follows naturally or logically from a students's misbehavior; in other words, the punishment fits the crime

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negative reinforcement

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a consequence that brings about the increase of a behavior throught removal (rather than the presentation) of a stimulus

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neutral stimulus

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a stimulus that doesn not elicit any particular response

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operant conditioning

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a form of learning in which a response increases in frequency as a reult of its being followed by reinforcement

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positive behavioral support

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a variation of traditional applied behavior analysis that involves identifying the purposes of undesirable behaviors and providing alternative behaviors that more appropriately accomplish those purposes

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positive feedback

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a message that an answer is correct or a task has been done well

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premack principle

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a phenomenon in which students do less-preferred activities in order to engage in more-preferred activities

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presentations punishment

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punishment involving presentation of a new stimulus, presumably on a learner finds unpleasant

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primary reinforcer

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a consequence that satisifies a bioligically built-in need

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pyschological punishment

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a consequence that seriously threatens self-esteem

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punishment

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a consequence that decreases the frequency of the response it follows

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reinforcement

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the act of following a particular response with a reinforcer and thereby increasing the frequency of the response

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reinforcer

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a consequence (stimulus) of a response that leads to increased frequency of the response

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removal punishment

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punishment involving the removal of na existing stimulus, presumably one a learner views as desirable and doesnn't want to lose

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response (R)

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a specific behavior that and individual exhibits

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response cost

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the loss either of a previously earned reinforcer of of an opportunity ot obtain reinforcement

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secondary reinforcer

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a consequence that becomes reinforcing over time throught its assiciation with another reinforcer

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setting event

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a complex environmental condition in which a particular behavior is most likely to occur

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Activity reinforcer

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An opportunity to engage n a favorite activity

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Antecedent response

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a response that increases the liklihoon that a certain other response will follow

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antecedent stimulus

Back 48

a stimulus that increases the liklihood that a particular response will follow

Front 49

applied behavior analysis (ABA)

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the systematic application of behavioristprinciples in educational and therapeutic settings; sometimes called behavior modification, behavior therapy, or contingency management

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backup reinforcer

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a reinforcer tha a student can "purchase" with one or more tokes earned in a token economy

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baseline

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The frequency of a response before operant conditioning takes place

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behavioral momentum

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an increased tendency for a learner to make a particulare response immediately after making similar responses

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behaviorism

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a theoretical perspective in which learning and behavior are described and explained in terms of stimulus-response relationships

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classical conditioning

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a form of learning whereby a new, involuntary response is acquired as a resulto of two stimuli being presented at the same time

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concrete reinforcer

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a reinforcer that can be touched

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conditioned response (CR)

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a response that, through classical conditioning, begins to elicit a particular response

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conditioning

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a term for "learning" commonly used by behaviorist

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contituity

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the occurence of two or more events at the same time

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contigency

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a situation in which one event happens only after another event has already occurred

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contingency contract

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a formal agreement between a teacher and a student that identifies behaviors the student will exhibit and the reinforcers that will follow

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shaping

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a process of reinforcing successively closer and closer approximations to a desired terminal behavior

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setting event

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a complex environmental condition in which a particulare behavior is most likely to occur

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social reinforcer

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a gesture or sign that one person gives another, oftern to communicate positive regard

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Stimulus (S)

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a specific object or event that influences an individual's learning or behavior

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time-out

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a form of punishment in which a student is placed in a dull, boring situation with no opportunity for reinforcement or social interaction

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token economy

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a technique in which desired behaviors are reinforrced by tokesn that learners can use to purchase a variety of other reinforcers

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Unconditioned response (UCR)

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a response that, without prior learning, is elicited by a particulare stimulus

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Unconditioned stimulus (UCS)

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a stimulus that, without priou learning, elicits a particular response

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verbal reprimand

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a csolding for inappropriate behavior