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21 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Name of Three economic advisor's? |
1. Vyshnegradsky 2. Witte 3. Stolypin |
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Years of Witte |
up to 1903 for Finance and 1906 for Prime minister. |
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Years of Stolypin |
up to 1911 |
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Why did the Russian government encourage economic growth during the late nineteenth century? |
- IMPACT OF CRIMEAN WAR- External Factors: 1. Improve military capability 2. Increase in national prestidge Internal Factors: 3. Reduce political discontent |
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1. Improve military capability |
increased wealth could be used to improve Russian army and navy |
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2. Increased national prestige |
Russia worried it would be left behind by other European nations - Westernisers needed change. Britain, France and Germany are industrialising but Russia is still medieval. |
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3. Reduce political discontent |
Improve living standards and prevent constant needs for political reforms. |
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How did the Russian government encourage industrial growth? |
Through Capital (MONEY) > no exporters in Russia. Government takes an active role to industrialise Russia and stimulate growth by state capitalism |
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How is the state capitalism achieved? |
Taxing the peasants Encouraging grain exports to bring in money Foreign capitalists |
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What other measures were brought in to help the industry? |
Protectionism: putting taxes on the imports of goods > good for infant industries Putting the rouble on to the Gold Standard in 1897: prevents hyperinflation |
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What were the effects of these policies? |
- Rapid Development - KNOWN AS the great spurt - railway system extension -growth of staples e.g coal, iron and oil - double of workforce between 1887 and 1908 - growth in Moscow and St. Petersburg |
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What was happening by 1914? |
There had been major expansions HOWEVER, it was still industrialising and had not still fully industrialised as there were still largely agricultural. Their production levels lagged behind other powers |
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Negative consequences of industrialisation? |
Distress caused through 'starvation exports' due to the exporting of grain leaving a shortage Anger/resentment towards Witte for using Foreign capitalists- felt like they were working for another country. LED TO GROWTH OF W/C AND POLITICAL UNREST. |
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What did Witte do to alleviate distress? |
Limits placed on employment of women and children and length of the working day. also, appointment of factory inspectors. UNREST CONTINUED= STRIKES, GROWTH FOR REVOLUTIONARY GROUPS. |
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Agriculture |
Russia remained predominantly agricultural throughout the period approx. 80% of population lived off the land |
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Reforms under Vsyhnegradsky and Witte regarding AgriC |
Land Bank 1886 Resettlement on virgin land BUT Population growth = land hunger continuation of the mirs series of bad harvest during the 1890's starvation exports and food shortages |
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Effects of AgriC changes |
By 1913, Russia was the world's largest wheat production however rural distress and agrarian unrest continued culminating in the peasants uprising in 1905. |
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Reforms under Stolypin after 1905? |
Main aim: encourage growth of the kulak class i.e private profit-making farmers He hoped this would lead to: economic modernisation political stability |
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Reforms introduced under Stolypin |
ending redemption payments increased availability of virgin land allowing more peasants to leave mirs improved land bank |
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Other reforms introduced by Stolypin |
Zemstvo given more control over local affairs Government grants for education Sickness and injury insurance planned |
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Effects of Stolypins introductions? |
Some improvement in farming and increased production BUT: -techniques remained backwards -vast majority of peasants remained on mirs -living and working conditions remained poor and life expectancy low -resentment and unrest persisted |
