Ecology Test 2

Front 1

life history

Back 1

the study of a particular species' complete life, from birth through death.

Front 2

reproduction is _______________.

Back 2

the biological imperative, major driving force of all living organisms.

Front 3

fitness

Back 3

the ability of an organism to leave offspring successfully

Front 4

reproductive value (Vx)

Back 4

the average contribution to the next generation that members of a given age class make between their current age and death. Typically, individuals in younger age classes have high rv.

Front 5

asexual reproduction

Back 5

requires only one individual, but the offspring contain no genetic diversity. Less time and E to produce. Can be accomplished through fission, budding, fragmentation, gemmule formation, and parthenogenesis.

Front 6

sexual reproduction

Back 6

requires two individuals and genetic diversity is transmitted to the offspring; however, it requires more time and E. f

Front 7

two methods of sex. reproduction

Back 7

internal vs external fertilization

Front 8

sex. reproducing org's can be

Back 8

monoecious or dioecious

Front 9

list the four major mating strategies

Back 9

monogamy, polygyny, polyandry, promiscuity

Front 10

sexual selection

Back 10

changes in males and females caused by mate choice and competition for mates.

Front 11

sexual dimorphism

Back 11

physical differences between males and females.

Front 12

males should be ______, while females should be _________.

Back 12

competitive, choosy

Front 13

ways females choose males:

Back 13

high fitness, dominant males, quality of resources/territory

Front 14

reproductive effort

Back 14

all organisms ahave to budget their time and E used in reprod. the allocation of time and E put towards reprd. related activites.

Front 15

semelparity

Back 15

organisms that invest a large amount of of E into growth, devo, E storagee, then make ONE massive reproductive effort and die.

Front 16

iterparity

Back 16

organisms that produce fewer young at one time, but repeat reproduction throughout their lifetime.

Front 17

reproductive strategy

Back 17

the means an individual or species uses to maximize its reproductive success.

Front 18

two basic reproductive strategies:

Back 18

r-selection, K-selection

Front 19

r-selection

Back 19

usea lot of E to produce a lot of offspring, since CHANCES are that at least some will survive

Front 20

K-selection

Back 20

expend lesss E to prodice a few offspring. to ensure their survival, a lot of E put into parental care.

Front 21

mech's that limit pop. growth

Back 21

density-dependent factors and density-independent factors. keep pop's in check by causing the death ofa certain # of ind's, thereby stopping or slowing pop. growth

Front 22

density-independent factors

Back 22

lower population numbers through mechanisms that havea greater effect as population density increase. they include extrinsic and intrinsic factors, although both of these work together to produce an overall regulatory effect on any population. (intercompensation)

Front 23

intraspecific competition

Back 23

most common type in nature, it only results when resources are in short supply.

Front 24

all forms of competition are _________ to all ind's involved

Back 24

detrimental

Front 25

exploitative competition (scramble or indirect competition)

INTRASPECIFIC

Back 25

occurs when each ind. in teh population takes as much of a resource as they can. Essentially, ind's "scramble" for resources, with no one receiving as much of the resource as they would normally like.

Front 26

interference competition (contest or direct competition)

INTRASPECIFIC

Back 26

involves direct interaction among the competing individuals. most dominant ind's claim tehir full share of resources, while denying less dominant ind's their share. weaker ind's are denied their share through direct confrontation and, in turn, their condition worsens.

Front 27

high densities increase _____

Back 27

stress

Front 28

intraspecific competition is really a form of _____________________

Back 28

social behavior

Front 29

social behavior

Back 29

a mechanism that limits the number of animals living in a particular habitat, having access to a common food/water supply, and engaging in reproductive activites. that is, some ind's are permitted to partake in these activities, while others are excluded.

Front 30

social dominance / dominance heirarchies

Back 30

.play a role in establishing the size and location of an ind's home range and territory

Front 31

home range

Back 31

the space that an animal uses during any particular year

Front 32

territory

Back 32

part of an organism's home range that is actively defended

Front 33

territoriality

Back 33

can regulate pop. size, includes all behaviors associated with defending a territory. in many species, only ind's able to successfully claim and defend a territory will be able to breed. those left out do not contribute to pop. growth

Front 34

density-independent factors

Back 34

lower population numbers and slow overall population growth through mechanisms that are not affected or influenced by population density. they tend to be abiotic mechanisms that strike indisciminately, regardless of density. these can be strong and even lead to local extinction. however, they do not really regulate pop growth, so much as influence pop numbers and subsequent growth, this has its strongest effect on pop birth and death rates

Front 35

canniblaism occurs when...

Back 35

there are stressed conditions. see a lot of dominants attacking subordinants or vulnerable individuals. Effective in low numbers.

Front 36

plants have these defenses

Back 36

chemical, structural, symbiotic relationships with animal defenders

Front 37

moderate grazing can ______________________/

Back 37

stimulate plant growth

Front 38

predation

Back 38

the process whereby one organism kills and consumes another organism in order to gain the energy and nutrients it needs to carry out its normal life functions.

Front 39

carnivory

Back 39

occurs when one animal eats another. cannibalism is included in this category.

Front 40

top-down control

Back 40

predators (top of the food chain) controls prey populations (down, lower on food chain)

Front 41

oscillations

Back 41

predators #'s increase, consumes more prey, pred has food shortage, pred pop decrease, prey populations increase, pred populations increase again

Front 42

defoliation

Back 42

predators consuming leaves of prey plants. plants defend against defoliation by not being nutritious, physical/chemical defenses, symbiotic relationship with animal defenders

Front 43

foraging strategy

Back 43

the means an organism uses to obtain and secure its food

Front 44

optimal foraging

Back 44

animals tend to consume food items that give them teh best energy return for what they spend in time and energy locating, killing, and consuming food

Front 45

lotka-volterra model

Back 45

deals with teh complex interrelationship between predator and prey populations.

Front 46

satiation

Back 46

when given unlimited prey, predators will become satiated

Front 47

functional response

Back 47

takes place when individuals predators eat more prey as teh prey population increases or take prey sooner in their life cycle. type i, ii, iii. only type iii responses have the potential to regulate prey populations in a density-dependnt fashion

Front 48

numerical response

Back 48

take place when the number of predators increases due to reproduction and or immigation. they include direct and inverse varieties, although there may not be any numberical responses at all

Front 49

type i, type ii, type iii

Back 49

type 1. satiation
type ii. slow increase and then level off
type iii. only type that can regulate density dependent populations. sigmoidal.

Front 50

handling time

Back 50

the time it takes to actually consume prey. includes tearing and defending the prey from other predators

Front 51

aggregative response

Back 51

pred fighting amongth eachother.. getting in eachother's way

Front 52

intraguild relationship

Back 52

a threeway or more situation in which two differnet predators share the same prey species. however, one of these predators also feeds on another predator, thereby reducing the numbers of its competitors

Front 53

search images

Back 53

the pred has to know that the prey is prey

Front 54

coevolution

Back 54

the evolution of one species affets the evolution of another

Front 55

batesian vs mullerian

Back 55

batesian mimcs something that is dangerous. mullerian: all dangerous things look similar

Front 56

interspecific competitiion

Back 56

takes place when members of two r more different species need or desire the same resources that are shared among them

Front 57

exploitative competition

Back 57

takes place when one species consumes a limited resource thus putting pressure on another species that desires to consume the same resource

Front 58

interfernece competition

Back 58

active, or fight, competition

Front 59

competitive exclusion

Back 59

competition can be severe enough to result in the elimination of one species

Front 60

competitive replacement

Back 60

one species replaces another

Front 61

apparent competition

Back 61

looks like competition is causing extinction, but another factor is actually at fault

Front 62

guild

Back 62

a group of different species that have to share the same resource

Front 63

resource partitioning

Back 63

species coexistance

Front 64

lotka volterra model

Back 64

models what will happen when two species come to share a resource.

Front 65

aN2

Back 65

the competitive impact fo species 2 on 1

Front 66

bN1

Back 66

the competitive impact of species 1 on 2

Front 67

outcomes of lotka volterra

Back 67

exstinctive exclusion, exclusion coexistance,

Front 68

k1/a

Back 68

the winning number. the population density of species 2 that will exactly equal k1. winning number for species 2.

Front 69

k2/b

Back 69

the population density of species 1 that wil;l exactly equal k2. this is the winning number for 1.

Front 70

zpg

Back 70

zero population growth

Front 71

isocline

Back 71

rate of change, or partial derivative, for one population in a pair of interacting populations is zero.

Front 72

character displacement (sympatric)

Back 72

specices that consume the same resource showing massive morphological differences

Front 73

character displacement (allopatric)

Back 73

. ..

Front 74

niche overlap

Back 74

since the shared resources that are involved are part of each speceis' niche. overlap can occur in different way and is directly proportional to the defree of competition.

Front 75

niche compression

Back 75

species narrow their tolerance range to avoid competition

Front 76

niche seperation

Back 76

results form niche compression. seeparates out species into very specifin niches.

Front 77

competitive release or niche expansion

Back 77

competition is reduced so specices start filling new niches

Front 78

niche shirft

Back 78

some species may reduce competition by adjisting the use of their shared habitat, thereby altering their niche to something it normally would not be.

Front 79

fundamental niche

Back 79

an organism's niche under ideal circumstances.

Front 80

realized niche

Back 80

an organism's niche under the actual condition of reality.

Front 81

niche width

Back 81

an organism's fundamental niche is always wider than it realized niche

Front 82

symbiosis

Back 82

a close, long term relationship between members of two or more different species

Front 83

mutualism

Back 83

a relationship in which both organisms are benefited. obligative or facultative.

Front 84

parasitism

Back 84

a relationship in which one organism is benefited and the other is harmed. the parasite gains energy, nutrients, and/or habitat at the expense of the host, although the host is never killed quickly.

Front 85

ectoparasites

Back 85

outer parasites

Front 86

endoparasites

Back 86

inner parasites

Front 87

microparasites

Back 87

small parasites

Front 88

macroparasites

Back 88

large parasites

Front 89

parasites can be spread through ____________________________.

Back 89

direct or indirect transmission. direct transmission involves parasites from another person. indirect parasites come from a vector.

Front 90

parasites can be beneficial if they regulate ______________________________________________.

Back 90

the host populations in a density-dependent fashion.

Front 91

an example of coevolution in symbiosis

Back 91

most potential hosts have multiple multiple and often sophisticated defenses against parasites

Front 92

brood parasitism

Back 92

a form of parasitism in which one species lays its eggs in teh nest of another species or in the nest of another indicidual of the same species. often, the second species or individual will take ove the care and upbringing of anotehr individual of the "parasite offspring." traditional parasitism is far more detrimental to the host than is brood parasitism.

Front 93

parasitology

Back 93

the study of parasites.

Front 94

parasitoidism

Back 94

also a relationship in which one organism is benefited and the other harmed. similar to parasitism, but now the host is killed relatively quickly.

Front 95

commensalism

Back 95

a relationship in which one organism is benefited and the other unaffected. (+,0)

Front 96

amensalism

Back 96

a relationship in which one organism is harmed and the other is unaffected. (-,0) it is an interaciton in which one organusm harms another as a by product of its actiites, but the affected organism has no influence on the one harming it. "when elephants fight, the grasss suffers."

Front 97

allelopathy

Back 97

occurs when organisms, including humans, release chemicals into the environment that have unfavorable or negative effects on other species with no return influence from the organisms adverslely affected. Many plants also produce "allopathic chemicals" that have similar effects.

Front 98

neutralism

Back 98

a situation in which two species or populations may live together and use similar resources, but neither of them has any discernible effect on the other

Front 99

competition

Back 99

a situation in which both organisms involved are harmed by the interaction

Front 100

predation

Back 100

can be described as a situation in which the predator benefits by killing and consuming its prey species

Front 101

ethology

Back 101

the study of animal behavior. both genetic and learned influences contribute to most behaviors. hormones can also affect behavior.

Front 102

innate behaviors

Back 102

those that are strictly controlled by genetics

Front 103

instincts

Back 103

behaviors that are primarily controlled by genetics, but which can be modified. All instincts hae three mahor components: sign stimuli, IRM's, and FAP's.

Front 104

fixed action patterns

Back 104

precise, innate, independent of the environment, and characteristic of a given species.

Front 105

learning

Back 105

the process of developing a behavioral response based on experience. learned behaviors are often refined and perfected through practice.

Front 106

most behavior is based on ___________________________________

Back 106

interaction between instinct and learning. experience improves and modifies instinctive behavior

Front 107

proximate causation

Back 107

involves the immediate basis for a behavior

Front 108

ultimate causation

Back 108

the evolutionary and adaptive basis for behavior

Front 109

behavioral ecoholgy

Back 109

the study of how the environment affects behavior

Front 110

orientation

Back 110

the ability to face in the right direction adn coordinate oneoneself with spatial variables in the envoronment

Front 111

navigation

Back 111

a directional sense that enables an animal to get from one place to another

Front 112

compass sense

Back 112

.

Front 113

map sense.

Back 113

.

Front 114

time-direction mechanism

Back 114

.

Front 115

migration

Back 115

the regular movement of a species from on geographical location to another. It may cover vast distances, usually involves movement between breeding and nonbreeding territories, and involves high energy costs and high risk. Many species migrate and it does not have to be permanent, Animals use many different cues to navigate during migration.

Front 116

animal communication

Back 116

is as any action by one animal that influences the actions of anotehr animal. Generally a reproductive enabling device. Can be direct or indirect.

Front 117

direct animal communication

Back 117

helps individual reproduce

Front 118

indirect animal communication

Back 118

helps individual's offspring reproduce

Front 119

modes of communication

Back 119

visual, vocal, chemical, and tactile

Front 120

visual communications

Back 120

usually have graded displays

Front 121

dioecious

Back 121

having male and female reproductive organs on the same plants

Front 122

monoecious

Back 122

having male and female orggans separated in different floral structures on the same plant