Earth Space Science

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Wegner's continental drift hypothesis stated that all the continents once joined to form one

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Pangae

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The kind of plate boundary that occurs where two plates grind past each other without destroying or producing lithosphere is a(n)

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transform fault boundary

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A divergent boundary at two oceanic plates can result in a

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rift valley

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Typical rates of ? are approximately 5 centimeters per year

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seafloor spreading

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the theory of ? states that Earth's rigid outer shell is divided into about 7 major segments

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plate tectonics

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The type of plate boundary where plates move apart, resulting in upwelling of material from the mantle to create new seafloor, is referred to as a(n) ? plate boundary

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divergent boundary

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what is the mechanism responsible for producing the new oceanic crust between two diverging plates

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convective flow

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during the breakup of a continent along a divergent boundary, deep faulted structures called ? are generated

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rift valley

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a chain of small volcanic islands that forms when two oceanic plates converge, one descending beneath the other, is called

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volcanic island arc

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Rocks that exhibit magnetism that is opposite to the current magnetic field are said to have

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reverse polarity

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plumesof molten rock originating deep within the mantle are known as

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mantle plumes

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The main source of downward convective flow in the mantle is called

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slab-pull

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The Hawaiian Islands were formed when the Pacific Plate moved over a(n)

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hot spot

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Volcanic island arcs are associated with what type of plate boundary

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convergent boundary

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what forms when one oceanic plate is forced beneath another plate

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subduction zone

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a divergent boundary at two oceanic plates can result in an

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oceanic ridge

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continental volcanic arcs are associated with what type of plate boundary

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convergent boundary

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oceanic lithosphere is destroyed at ? BOUNDARIES

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convergent boundary

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The supercontinent in the continental drift hypotheis was called

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Pangea

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New ocean crust is formed at ? BOUNDARIES

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divergent boundary

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What is convergent boundary

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Two plates move together from oceanic lithosphere plunging an overriding plate

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What is divergent boundary

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Two plates moving apart from the mantle to create new seafloor

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transform fault

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where two paltes grind past each other without the production or destruction of lithosphere

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weaker region in the mantle over which Earth's outer shell lies

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asthenosphere

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segments of the lithosphere that move and change shape

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plates

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rigid layer of the uppermost mantle and crust

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lithosphere

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theory that states that the lithosphere is divided into plates that move

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plate tectonics

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Earth's largest plate is the what plate

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Pacific

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What is the number of major plates there are on Earth

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7

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Is it true of false that the lithospheric plates move at about 5 km per year

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false

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plates moving away is called what

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divergent boundary

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plates moving together is called

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convergent boundary

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plates moving against each other is called

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transform fault boundary

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what type of plate boundary occrus when a plate of oceanic lithosphere plunges beneath an overriding plate of continental crust

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convergent

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what type of plate boundary occurs when a plate of continental crust grinds past another plate of continental crust

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transform fault

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is it true or false that each of Earth's plates contains only one of the three types of plate boundaries

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false

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is it true or false that plates shrink and grow in area

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true

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The East African Rift valley is an example of what kind of plate boundary

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divergent boundary

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the San Andreas Fault zone in California is an example of what kind of plate boundary

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transform fault boundary

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what are supporting details of divergent boundaries

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oceanic ridges and seafloor spreading and continental rifts

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what are supporting details of convergent boundaries

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oceanic- continental, oceanic-oceanic, and continental-continental

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what are supporting details of transform fault boundaries

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none

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is it true or false that oceanic lithosphere is created at divergent boundaries

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true

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is it true or false that divergent boundaries only occur on the ocean floor

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false

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process by which plate tectonics produces new oceanic lithosphere

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seafloor spreading

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deep faulted structure found along a divergent boundary

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rift valley

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elevated seafloor along a divergent boundary

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oceanic ridge

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what is the oldest part of the ocean floor

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180 million years old

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what is an description of a subduction zone

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where an oceanic plate is forced beneath a second plate

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newly formed land consisting of an arc-shaped island chain is called a(n)

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volcanic island arc

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Is it true of false that mountains form as a result of a collision between two continental plates

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true

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what hapens at a transform fault boundary

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plates grind past each other without destroying the lithosphere. Most faults join segments of a mid-ocean ridge

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what is an example of a transform boundary that is NOT located in an ocean basin

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the San Andreas Fault

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What has occured when rocks formed millions of years ago show the location of the magnetic poles at tht time of their formation

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paleomagnetism

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is it true or false when magnetic mineral grains in a rock form, they become magnetized in the direction parallel to Earth's existing magnetic field

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true

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what represents some of the strongest evidence of seafloor spreading

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strips of alternating polarity lie as mirror images across the ocean ridges

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What is the definition of reverse polarity

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what rocks that show the opposite magnetism as the present magnetic field have

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new basalt rocks currently forming at the oceanic ridges show what since they become magnetized according to the present magnetic field

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floor

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is it true of false the absence of deepfocus earthquakes along the oceanic ridge system is inconsistent with the theory of plate tectonics

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false

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is it true or false that deep-focus earthquakes occur away from ocean trenches within the slab of lithosphere descending into the mantle

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true

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Where do shallow-focus earthquakes occur relative to ocean trenches

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these earthquakes occur within or adjacent to the trench

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what is the location of the oldest ocenic crust, according to ocean drilling data

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at the continental margins

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what is the location of the youngest oceanic crust according to ocean drilling data

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at the ridge crest

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a(n) what is a volcanic area on a plate where a plume of mantle material rises

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hot spot

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is it true or false that both hot spot evidence and data on the ages of seafloor sediments support the theory of plate tectonics

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true

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no earthquakes have been recorded below

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700 km

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what is the basic force that drives plate tectonics

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convection in the mantle

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the motion of matter called what results from convection

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convective flow

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the mechanism called what causes oceanic lithosphere to slide down the sides of the oceanic ridge

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ridge-push

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the mechanism that is the primary downward arm of the mantle's convection flow is

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slab-pull

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is it true or false that the upwardly flowing arms in mantle convection consist of mantle plumes of rising hot rock

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true

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what does whole- mantle convection have

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descending oceanic plate

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what does deep-layer not have

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descending ocean plate

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what best describes the deep-layer model

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heat from Earth's interior causes layers of convection to slowly swell and shrink in complex patterns

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what best describes the whole-mantle convection model

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cold oceanic lithosphere descends into the mantle, and hot mantle plumes move heat toward the surface

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what causes thermal convection in the mantle

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the unequal distribution of heat within Earth. This ultimately drives the plate motion.

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Wegener's what hypothesis stated that the continents had once been joined to form a single supercontinent

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continental drift

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Wegner propsed that the supercontinent what began to break apart 200 million years ago and form the present landmasses

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pangea

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scientists generally agree taht convection occuring in the mantle is the basic driving force for what

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plate movement

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what is the motion of matter resulting from changes in temperature

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convective flow

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what is a mechanism that contributes to pate motion in which cool, dense oceanic crust sinks into the mantle and "pulls" the trailing lithosphere along. It is the thought to be the primary downward arm of convective flow in the mantle

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slab-pull

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what are masses of hotter-than-normal mantle material that ascend toward the surface, where they may lead to igneous activity

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mantle plumes

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the unequal distrubution of heat within Earth causes the thermeal convection in the mantle that ultimately

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drives plate motion

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what is the natural remnant magnetism in rock bodies

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paleomagnetism

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this permanent magntization acquired by rock can be used to determine the location of the magnetic poles at the time the rock became

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magnetized

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when rocks show the same magnetism as the present magnetism field

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normal polarity

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when rocks show the opposite magnetism as the present magnetism field

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reverse polarity

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the discovery of strips of alternating polarity which lie as mirror images across the ocean ridges, is among the strongest evidence of

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seafloor spreading

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scientists found a close link between deep-focus earthquakes and

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ocean trenches

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the absence of deep focus earthquakes along the oceanic ridge system was shown to be consistent with the

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new theory

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the what oceanic crust is at the ridge crust

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youngest

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the what oceanic crust is at the continental margins

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oldest

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a what is a concentration of heat in the mantle capable of productin magma, which rises to Earth's surface

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hot spot

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the what plate moves over a hot spot producing the Hawaiian Islands

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Pacific

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What evidence supports that the plates move over the Earth's surface

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hot spot

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what are continous elevated zones on the floor of all major ocean basins. The rifts at the crest of ridges represent divergent plate boundarries

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oceanic ridges

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what are deep faulted structures found along the axes of divergent plate boundaries. They can develop on the seafloor or on land

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rift valleys

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what produces new oceanic lithosphere

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seafloor spreading