Earth Sci (Exo & Endo)

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Processes that occures in the Earth's surface and that generally reduce relief

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Exogenic Process

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Types of exogenic processes

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weathering

Erosion

Mass movement

Deposition

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Describe the breaking down or dissolving of rocks and minerals on the surface of the Earth.

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Weathering

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The breakdown of rocks without a change in their chemical composition

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Physical Weathering

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Is caused by the movement of animals and plant

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Biological weathering

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Happens through the decomposition of rock material

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Chemical Weathering

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Losing electrons to dissolved oxygen

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Oxidation

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Decomposition of minerals in water as hydrogen ions replace cations in mineral

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Hydrolysis

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The dissolution of calcium carbonate

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Carbonation

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Substitution of mineral cations in a solution

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Cation exchange

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Involves the movement of weathered rock

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Erosion

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Is the most important force or agent in erosion

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Rainwater

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Is the driving force

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Gravity

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Large masses of crustal material are moved by action of gravity from one place to another

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Mass wasting

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Is the movement of rock and soil under the influences of gravity

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Mass movement

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Is the laying down of sediment

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Deposition

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Is formed or occurring beneath the surface of Earth

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Endogenic Processes

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The forces within the earth that cause the ground to move

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Endogenic forces

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Occurs when rock layers bend from internal forces

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Folding

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A break in rock along the vertical or horizontal rock movement occurred

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Faulting

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A massive, irregular shaped slab of solid rock also known as the lithospheric plate

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Tectonic Plate

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Two tectonic plates are colliding

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Convergent plate boundaries

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Two tectonic plates are move seperately

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Divergent Plate Boundaries

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Plates are sliding past each other

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Transform fault boundaries

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Refers to the formation and movement of magma

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Magmatism

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Is hot, molten rock under the crush of the earth

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Magma

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Conduction, convection, radiation

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Conduction - heat transfer between two objects in direct contact

Convection - heat transfer within fluids

Radiation - heat transfer through electromagnetic waves or sun

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How are magma formed?

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At about 30 to 60km below the surface of the earth, the temperature is high enough to melt rocks into magma

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Involves the upward movement

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Decompression Melting

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As the liquid rock solidifies, it loses this heat and transfers it to the surrounding

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Transfer of Heat

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It occurs when water or carbon dioxide added on rocks these affects the melting point of rock

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Flux Melting

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Formed on the surface of earth

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Extrusive rock

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Formed underground or plutons

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Intrusive rocks

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Is the eruption of molten rock from inside the Earth to the surface

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Volcanism

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Alteration of the composition

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Metamorphism

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are several forms of mass wasting that may include a wide range of ground movements, such as rockfalls, shallow or deep-seated slope failures, mudflows, and debris flows.

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Landslide

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is a form of mass movement or mass wasting in which pieces of rock travel downward through some combination of falling, bouncing, and rolling after they are initially separated from the slope.

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Rockfall

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is a form of mass wasting involving the fast-moving flow of debris and dirt that has become liquified by the addition of water.

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Mudflow

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characterized by the slow, downward progression of rock and soil down a low grade slope; it can also refer to slow deformation of such materials as a result of prolonged pressure and stress.

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creep

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is a downslope viscous flow of fine-grained materials that have been saturated with water and move under the pull of gravity.

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earthflow

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is a form of mass wasting that occurs when a coherent mass of loosely consolidated materials or a rock layer moves a short distance down a slope.

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Slump

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is a collective name for gradual processes in which a mass moves down a slope related to freeze-thaw activity.

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Solifluction