Early Modern Medicine

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Renaissance

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'Rebirth' of all things classical (buildings, statues, paintings, texts)

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Reformation

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The Catholic church becoming Protestant (This meant people challenged beliefs and dissection was allowed)

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Caxton's printing press

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Printing enabled ideas to spread

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Versalius

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Challenged Galen's work to develop a more accurate view of inside the human body (because he could dissect humans instead of only animals due to the Reformation)

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Thought to be the biggest killers at the time

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Fever, consumption, teeth, gripping in the guts and convulsion (shows a lack of medical advancement)

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Ambroise Paré

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A French barber surgeon who was famous in the 16th century (his army training helped him advance medical treatments as a doctor)

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Les Ouevres, 1575

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Paré's book which became famous across Europe (It is a record of his experiences of medicine)

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Leonardo da Vinci

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A Renaissance artist who studied the human body to improve anatomical drawings (which helped improve medical books)

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Dissection

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When dead bodies are studied medically (This was done on humans instead of animals after the Reformation because the church allowed it then. It helped correct some of Galen's mistakes)

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Microscope

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Allowed both scientists and medical men to look in closer detail

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William Harvey

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A 17th century physician who discovered blood was pumped around the body in circulation (People didn't believe him as they preferred Galen's work and they could not see capillaries)

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On the Motion of the Heart

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William Harvey's most famous work on his findings of blood circulation - published 1628

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Capillaries

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Enable blood to circulate around your body. Human capillaries cannot be seen, but William Harvey discovered them by looking at amphibians

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Amphibians

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Life-forms of which live in and out of water and whose capillaries can be seen by the naked eye

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Thomas Sydenham

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'English Hippocrates" was a physician in London in the 17th century who found a successful treatment for smallpox (though Edward Jenner found the cure)

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Thomas Syndenham's firm belief

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Medical men should closely observe symptoms of a disease and intervene as little as possible and avoid speculation. He wanted to build a database of knowledge (similar to Hippocrates)

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Scientific Method

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The belief that diseases had different characteristics and therefore, unique treatments (an advocate for this was Thomas Sydenham)

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Cool therapy

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A form of treatment for Smallpox invented by Thomas Sydenham which consisted of prescribing lots of fluids, moderate bleeding and keeping the patient cool

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John Hunter

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Surgeon and anatomist who was a famous teacher of top surgeons and has been accused of burking so he could dissect them

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Burking

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Murdering people to make it look as though they had naturally died (of which John Hunter was accused)

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Anaesthetics (in the Early Modern period)

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Wine and opium were widely used to numb patients for surgery, though they were unreliable and too often ended fatally

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Medical Directory

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Records kept of doctors - qualifications, whether they were practising or not, apprenticeships etc.

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Royal College of Surgeons

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Where you would go to earn a licence to become a practising surgeon outside of London

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Qualifications to become a surgeon

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1 course in anatomy and 1 in surgery as well as 1 year of experience in a hospital

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Lady Johanna St John

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Lived at Lydiard House where she ran a large household and worked to compile a recipe book of cures by growing herbs in the garden

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Nicholas Culpeper

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Published 'Complete Herbal' in 1653 which was written in English to help people understand it and also treated people for free (he believed in herbs being linked to the Doctrine of Signatures)

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International Ingredients

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Rhubarb from Asia thought a 'wonder-drug', chinchona bark from South America and opium from China. Tobacco from North America used in many herbal remedies and thought to keep the Plague away

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Quackery

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When Quacks sold fake medicines knowing they wouldn't work with quack medicine being used to prevent and cure disease unsuccessfully

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Daffy's Elixir

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A quack medicine which was discovered to not cure what it claimed, but serve as a laxative

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Thomas Coram's Foundling Hospital

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The hospital set up by retired sea captain, Thomas Coram, to provide care for abandoned children - where they educated and provided a home for children up to 15 years old

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Voluntary Hospitals

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Hospitals set up often by inheritance or private subscriptions which filled the medical role of monasteries when they were abolished

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Robert Burton

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One of the first people to properly study mental illness - of which he blamed the cause as lack if exercise, idleness, excessive pleasure and too much studying

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Jane Sharp

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Published 'The Midwives Book' in 1671 which argues it should be a role for women when it was a male dominated profession

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Sir John Floyer

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Published 'A Treatise on Asthma' in 1698 and was the first to identify causes of asthma and provide a regime for treating it - including clean air and exercise

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George Cheyne

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Published 'An Easy Health and Long Life' in 1724, which made him famous. The book argued that obesity and nervous disorders where hereditary as well as caused by poor lifestyle - saying that people should take responsibility for their health to prevent disease rather than expecting cures from doctors

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James Lind

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Invented a cure for scurvy in 1753 - drinking lime juice

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Smallpox

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A contagious disease which killed 30-60% of those who caught it - it was declared eradicated in 1980. It was blamed on Miasma in the Early Modern period

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1837-1840 epidemic

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A time when Smallpox killed 42,000 people

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Lady Mary Montagu

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Famous for performing inoculations on people (injecting mild form of Smallpox into a person so they would become immune to it)

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Edward Jenner

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Inventor of the first vaccine - for Cowpox, a less severe version of Smallpox. He heard that milkmaids who had caught Cowpox never seemed to catch Smallpox and so he injected a child with the lesser disease and he became immune to Smallpox - so he performed it on many and they were all immune.

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'An Inquiry into the Causes and Effects of the Varioae Vaccinae'

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Published by Edward Jenner in 1798 - it is his findings on Cowpox.

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Negative Reactions to Jenner's vaccine

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1. Those who performed inoculations could no longer profit from it

2. People thought it was wrong to inject people with Cowpox

3. People didn't want the government telling parents what to do

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Compulsory Smallpox vaccine

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After the 1840 Smallpox epidemic, the government made vaccination free to all infants and then in 1853, vaccination became compulsory, though wasn't strictly enforced

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1871 Governmental decree (Smallpox)

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Parents could be fined for not giving children a vaccine for Smallpox

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Endemic diseases and childhood killers

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In the 20th century, these diseases such as polio, measles, diphtheria and whooping cough have almost been eradicated through vaccination programmes

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Alexander Gordon

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A naval surgeon who studied child-bed fever and discovered that women treated by local wise women or midwives were less likely to catch it than those visited by travelling doctors or midwives were more likely to die, and suggested improved hygiene - he was laughed at