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56 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Marijuana:
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-cannabis sativa, cannabis indicia, cannabis ruderalis
-originated as a wild plant in Central Asia-first written reference between 2000-14000 B.C -used for a variety of industrial purposes: oil from plant,seeds are edible, fiber is known as hemp |
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Marijuana was brought to America both at ...
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-Jamestown and Plymouth Rock
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It is almost impossible to die of overdose from Marijuana T/F
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True
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Patterns of Use: (Marijuana)
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-High point of use was 1970s
-since 1990s :use has increased -young people are beginning use at an increasingly younger age -should we be worried? Some argue marijuana use causes slacker life style, worry about DUIs and possible gateway drug |
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Who uses Marijuana:
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-use typically low in early teenage years, peeks in late teens to early 20s, declines steadily after
-males significantly more likely to use than females and more likely to use at a greater frequency |
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Howard Becker’s Research on Marijuana Users (1953) says that an individual will be able to use marijuana for PLEASURE only when he/she...
(3 things): |
1. learns to smoke it in a way that will produce real effects
2. learns to recognize the effects and connect them with a drug use and 3. learns to enjoy the sensations he perceives |
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Marijuana and Medicine:
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-Has been used since ancient times
-Marijuana was taken out of the pharmacological pharmopedia in the early 1900s -In California, proposition 215 passed on November 5, 1996- allowed medical marijuana |
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Current State Marijuana Laws extend on Medicine and Marijuana:
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-Colorado, Washington, Oregon, and Alaska all have legalized the recreational sale of marijuana -18 additional states allow medical marijuana (all are listed on slide)
-11 states allow marijuana extracts |
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LSD belongs to what class?
How often are they (LSD) used? What is the potential for addiction? LSD came about when? Any medical use? Other examples include... |
-Hallucinogen class
-Hallucinogen’s are rarely used -Have NO potential for addiction -Were not really known until the mid to late 1960s -Medical is frequently ignored -Other examples: psilocybin mushrooms, peyote (mescaline), DMT (asyahuasca), Salvia divinorum |
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Alfred Hoffman who is he?
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first LSD trip in history, first synthesized it and some feel on his arm and he ate it “Bicycle trip”)
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LSD Fun Facts: (More like interesting)
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-25, combination of lysergic acid and diethyl amide
-one strange bicycle “trip” -In 1947, Sandoz brought LSD to the market under the name Delysid -Large quantities were purchased by psychiatrists as well as the military -By the end of the 1950s more than 500 scientific articles had appeared on LSD, by the 1960s more than 2,000 (because the panic, psychotic episodes: rare but, do happen) |
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LSD Chemical Characteristics:
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-100 times stronger than psilocybin and 2,000 times more potent than mescaline
-as little as a 25 microgram dose off LSD is enough to produce -2 gallons of LSD is enough to intoxicate the entire U.S. population -can be taken by capsule form or blotter paper |
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Why are Club Drugs used and what are some examples....
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-Informal term for substances used recreationally during raves, concerts, parties and clubs
-drugs are frequently synthetic examples: MDMA, GHB, Ketamine, fluitrazepam (Rohypnol) |
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MDMA's real name?
MDMA fun facts... |
-Methylene-dioxy-methamphetamine
-chemical cousin of MDA -first synthesized in 1912 by Merck, thought to be an appetite suppressant -in 1953 the OSS (fore-runner of the CIA) ran experiments with it via the MK-Ultra project |
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Alexander Shulgin:
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Synthesized MDMA, First publicized article (marriage counseling help noticed) also nicknamed “Adam”
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What are some effects of MDMA?
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-Raises levels of Serotonium, dopamine, and norepinephrine
-unlike other amphetamines, releases more serotonin than dopamine (less addictive) or norephrine (less stimulation) - elevated mood states with feedings of euphoria, intimacy, and closeness to others -no evidence of dependency -alleged brain damage -Dehydration |
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What is Flunitrazepam?
What was it used for? Where was it used most? |
-Rophy (date rape drug)
-Trade name Rohypnol, by Hoffman-La Roche, marketed in 160 countries as an anesthesia, treatment of anxiety, sleep disorders and alcohol withdrawal. -widely used in Europe, Central America and South America |
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GHB was synthesized where and when?
What is GHB used for? GHB fun fact... GHB is also known as a... |
-First synthesized in France in 1960
-has been used as an anesthetic, sleeping aid and treatment of narcolepsy -was sold in health food stores and marketed to body builders -also known as a date rape drug |
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Team Ketamine!
Was discovered by who and when? What is it? What are effects... |
-Discovered by Calvin Stevens (an American pharmacist’s) in 1961
-An analogue of PCP with less pronounced psychoactive effects -marketed for both humans and animals, but fell out of favor due to hallucinogenic effects |
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Stimulants (General Effects):
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-speed up signals passing through the central nervous system
-activate organs and functions of the body -Heighten arousal -increase overall behavioral activity -suppress fatigue |
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Amphetamines were first synthesized when where?
What do Amphetamines include... What can they be treated for? Fun fact Amphetamine... |
-first synthesized in 1887, first commercial product marketed over the counter in the U.S. in 1932
-include Dexedrine, Desoxyn, Methedrine, methamphetamine, Biphetamine, Benzedrine and Adderall -used to treat narcolepsy, depression, alcoholism, schizophrenia, obesity, ADD & ADHD, Parkinson’s disease, fatigue, nicotine and caffeine addiction, seasickness, bed-wetting -often given to members of the military |
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Amphetamine Physical and Psychological Effects...
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-Shrinks diameter and flow of blood vessels, thus raises blood pressure
-Amphetamine psychosis is a result of high dose abuse -produces behavioral fixations -stopping use can bring on depression (sometimes suicidal), anxiety, fatigue, lethargy -dependency-producing, rather than pharmacologically addictive |
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Trends in Use from Amphetamines what, where, when, why?
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-were popular from 1950s to 1970 as prescription diet pills, weight loss tended to be moderate and temporary
-popular recreationally among truck drivers, students, athletes and others for instrumental purposes -from 1971 to 1986 amphetamine prescriptions dropped by 90% -currently have a few recognized medical uses (except for Adderall) |
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Methamphetamine compare to Amphetamine
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-more potent than amphetamines, more reinforcing and lead to more rapid high-dose and compulsive use
-more due to the route of administration - amphetamines are in pill form, meth is snorted, smoked or injected -methedrine (a form of meth) use to be available via prescription, no longer available in the United States |
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Is there a meth epidemic?
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-meth use seems to be highly recognized
-in 1980 the precursor chemical Phenylacetone (P2P) was made a Schedule 2 chemical -many states have made ephedrine or pseudoephedrine possession illegal (or like Mississippi have restricted sales of over-the-counter drugs like Sudafed) |
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Cocaine (effects)...
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-effects are very similar to amphetamine, but lasts for a shorter amount of time (about thirty minutes)
-used as a topical anesthetic, thus is a Schedule 2 drug (often substituted with lidocaine) -chewing of coca leaves dates back thousands of years in South America; used to offset fatigue and hunger and high elevation -leaves must be fresh -chewing of coca leaves found to be mostly beneficial -cocaine first extracted from coca leaves in 1860 -originally hailed as a wonder drug -many wines and soft drinks (Coca-Cola) contained cocaine -fears of blacks using cocaine (especially in the south) lead to the downfall of the drug -cocaine use dramatically increased from the late 1970s to early to mid 1980s (peak year of use was 1985) |
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Route of Administration for Cocaine:
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-is typically snorted
-during 1980s some users began to inject of freebase cocaine -Freebasing: involves dissolving cocaine in the alkaline solution and then boiling it to remove the hydrochloride salt (results in 90% pure cocaine); afterwards it is smoked |
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Cocaine Use (think about the rats/people)...
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-many people enjoy cocaine – compare it to champagne orcaviar-laboratory animals will give up food, sex, water and will continually administer the drug until death
-has one of the highest rates of psychological dependence;users often report extreme euphoria, confidence and energy-users do not report physical withdrawal similar to heroinor alcohol |
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Crack Use where and when?
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-crack use did explode, but only in impoverished areas
-height of use was mid to late 1980s, only a small minority of American youths have tried crack, an extremely minuscule minority does so regularly (often viewed as the –Mart or Walmart version of cocaine -many people who have used it will use it occasionally) |
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Narcotic Drugs what can they be?
Narcotic basically... |
-Analgesics: drugs used for the alleviation of pain (painkillers)
-Narcotics: of or pertaining to opium -Depressant: drugs that inhibit or slow down signals passing through the CNS; organs become sluggish, slower to respond to stimuli, if dose is too high organs may shut down (overdose) -Narcotics are potent and can be highly addictive; produce euphoric high or intoxication -Fairly narrow safety margin (ED/LD ratio) = effective dose and lethal dose |
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Morphine:
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-primarily constituent of opium and the first pure drug ever extracted from a plant -when a raw opium was dissolved in hot water, adding lime brought morphine to the surface, other solids settled to the bottom -one of the most effective drugs for the treatment of pain and the measuring stick for all other pain-relieving drugs -can be injected or in a pill form (MS-Contin)
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Opiods: |
-Entirely synthetic narcotics, can be manufactured from opiates or byproducts of opiates
-Obtained via prescription, widely abused, some considerthem more problematic than illegal drugs due to the highavailability and potency |
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Opiates: |
-(poppy plant) natural derivatives of the opium poppy plant -opium poppies are dried and processed to a fine brownish powder -opium can be taken orally, typically by dissolved in a liquid -Laudanum: opium dissolved into alcohol -opium can also be smoked – reason first federal drug prohibition
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Heroin: |
-Actually diacetylmorphine, was discovered in 1874 by combining morphine and acetic acid
-First marketed in 1898 by the pharmaceutical companyBayer, name comes from the German word heroisch –meaning mighty or heroic, used as a cough suppressant -Originally believed to be less addictive than morphine,quickly proven false -Controlled by Harrison Narcotic Act in 1914, made illegal inthe United States in 1920 |
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Heroin Use: |
-Can be snorted, smoked or injected
-Many of the problems associated with heroin are indirect effects of the drug are more often due to the illegality of the drug -Street heroin often has a highly variable potency -Unsterile needles can cause disease – one of the leading ways to spread HIV -Concern for one’s diet, nutrition and safety -Most users are controlled, junkie is not the typical user |
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Rates and Patterns of Heroin Use: |
-Attracts fewer users than almost any other major legal drug type
-A small number of heavy heroin users inflict a great deal of damage to the rest of society |
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Enslavement Model is what |
-Argument that more or less accidental or fortuitous narcotic addiction causes a life that revolves around engaging inmoney-making crimes; it is drug addiction that causes criminal behavior
-Drugs are more expensive because they are illegal – this might require a person to engage in crime to feed their drug habit -Dispensing drugs in clinics is a very easy and cost-effective way to reduce this link between drugs and crime |
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Predisposition Model is what |
-Argument that the explanation for the connection between drug addiction and criminal behavior is that the kinds of people who are likely to engage in compulsive drug-taking behavior are also the
-Notion that people are often either naturally criminogenic orprone to these types of behavior (some people are naturally bad) -Many people argue the correlates of crime and drug use arethe same -Casual order problems |
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Intensification Model is what |
-Argument that drug addiction accelerates but does notgenerate money-making criminal behavior, and that the predisposition to engage in both compulsive drug use and criminal behavior explains part but not all of the connection between the two
-Alcohol reduces inhibitions – people are more likely to engage inreckless behaviors -Cocaine and methamphetamine can make people feel superhuman |
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Goldstein's "Drug Violence-Nexus" explanatory models: |
1.Psychopharmacological Model 2.Economic-Compulsive Model 3.Systematic Model |
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Early Americans smoked the Marijuana plant T/F
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False |
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Smoking Marijuana was introduced by
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Mexicans immigrants to the Southwestin early 19000s & by Caribbean and South America sailors to New Orleansaround 1910
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Almost all people who smoke marijuana have friends who smoke marijuana T/F
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True |
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______ also known as crystal meth (Methamphetamine) fact:
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-in the late 1980s “ice” made a comeback in Hawaii and later spread to California (also known as crystal meth)
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Freebasing can occur with crack or cocaine?
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Cocaine! |
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This drug Attracts fewer users than almost any other major legal drug type and A small number of heavy heroin users inflict a great deal of damage to the rest of society |
Heroin |
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This group of drugs are directly derived from opium |
Opiates |
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The more potent sister of morphine was produced in 1874, when morphine and acetic acid were combined |
Heroin |
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LSD, peyote, psilocybin fall into this class of drugs |
Hallucinogens |
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Active ingredient in Mar. is.. |
THC |
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Popular club drug influences elevated mood status w/feelings of euphoria, intimacy, and closeness to others |
MDMA |
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Physically and mentally the cause of violence and drugs, largely discredited due to its assumption direct cause. Also says: Drugs and violence are strongly connected (especially cocaine) |
Psychopharmacological Model |
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Argues that connection between drug use and violence is so strong because, users need money to maintain their habit. Many drug users will commit property crime to obtain money to buy drugs. |
Economic-Compulsive Model |
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Argues that drug use and violence only occurs because, of the type of environment they both exist in. Conflict, exploitation, and violence are often rewarded in drug-dealing environments. |
Systematic Model |
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Findings of Goldstein: |
XXX |
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Heroin was originally believed to be less addictive than morphine,quickly proven to be T/F
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False |
