Drug And Alcohol-Final Exam-Ch.6 And 11

Front 1

coca

Back 1

-a bush that grows in the Andes** and produces cocaine
-has been harvested for thousands of years and actively cultivated for over 800 years

Front 2

history of cocaine

Back 2

-made from coca
-early psychiatric uses by Sigmund Freud (as a treatment for depression and morphine dependence)
-Sherlock Holmes stories talked about positive and negative effects of cocaine

Front 3

4 forms of cocaine

Back 3

-coca paste
-cocaine hydrochloride
-freebase
-crack or rock

Front 4

coca paste

Back 4

-crude extract created during the manufacture of cocaine
-can be mixed with tobacco and smoked

Front 5

cocaine hydrochloride

Back 5

-most common form of pure cocaine
-stable water-solube salt
-cannot smoke it

Front 6

freebase

Back 6

-prepared as a chemical base
-can be heated and the vapors inhaled

Front 7

crack or rock

Back 7

-lumps of dried, smokable cocaine
-prepared by mixing cocaine with water and baking soda
-safer that freebase, but it get you high quicker

Front 8

timeline of cocaine use

Back 8

-1960s: use began to increase again
-1985: major form available-cocaine hydrochloride (snorted)-relatively expensive
-inexpensive form came out-crack-smokable (greater abuse potential)

Front 9

Anti-Drug Abuse Acts of 1986 and 1988**

Back 9

-penalties for sale of crack cocaine significantly more severe than penalties associated with powder cocaine
-tougher penalties for first time users of crack

Front 10

potential benefits of cocaine

Back 10

-local anesthetics (1860)
-currently used for surgery in the nasal, laryngeal, and esophageal regions (facial regions)

Front 11

causes for concern of cocaine

Back 11

-acute toxicity
-chronic toxicity

Front 12

acute toxicity of cocaine

Back 12

-causes profound CNS stimulation, which can lead to respiratory or cardiac arrest
-difficult to estimate the size of a lethal dose-affects every person differently

Front 13

risks of regularly snorting cocaine

Back 13

-damage to the nasal septum
-paranoid psychosis
-damage to the heart muscle
(similar effects to methamphetamine)

Front 14

cocaine during pregnancy

Back 14

-increased risk of miscarriage and torn placenta
-"crack babies"

Front 15

cocaethylene

Back 15

-a toxic chemical formed when cocaine is combined with alcohol

Front 16

history of amphetamines

Back 16

-1932: patented
-used medically
-used by soldiers in WWII to fight fatigue
-1960: "speed scene"
-eventually became more tightly controlled (some switched back to coke)
-a lot of illicit meth labs
-now considered a "club drug"

Front 17

ephedrine

Back 17

-active ingredient in ma huang
-a sympathomimetic drug

Front 18

sympathomimetic drug

Back 18

stimulates the sympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system

Front 19

ma huang

Back 19

what a chinese medicinal tea is made from

Front 20

what are amphetamines used for medically?

Back 20

-asthma
-narcolepsy
-hyperactivity in children
-appetite supressant
-stimulant

Front 21

where did amphetamines regionally start being used?

Back 21

on the West coast

Front 22

speed

Back 22

what amphetamines were called during the 1960s
-"Speed scene"=a time and place in which people used and became dependent on intravenous amphetamine

Front 23

ice or crystal meth

Back 23

-methamphetamine hydrochloride crystals
-smokable

Front 24

effects of structure of amphetamines

Back 24

-allows it to more easily cross the blood-brain barrier (except ephedrine and PPA)

Front 25

what do amphetamines stimulate the release of?

Back 25

-activity of monoamine neurotransmitters
-dopamine
-norephinephrine
-serotonin

Front 26

peak effets of amphetamines
-oral ingestion
-intranasal administration
-intravenous injection

Back 26

-1.5 hours after oral ingestion
-15-30 minutes after intranasal administration
-5-10 minutes following intravenous injection or smoking

Front 27

half-life of amphetamine and methamphetamine

Back 27

-amphetamine: 10-12 hours
-meth: 4-5 hours

Front 28

beneficial uses of amphetamines

Back 28

-weight loss
-narcolepsy
-treatment of ADHD
-"Smart pills"
-athletics

Front 29

narcolepsy

Back 29

uncontrolled daytime episodes or muscular weakness and falling asleep

Front 30

acute toxicity risks of amphetamine use

Back 30

-may destroy catecholamine neurons
-risk of developing movement disorders like Parkinson's disease**(associated with dopamine)--caused by primarily meth

Front 31

chronic toxicty from high-dose use of amphetamines

Back 31

-paranoid psychosis
-compulsive and repetitive stereotyped actions (spending a night counting corn flakes)

Front 32

crank

Back 32

-a type of meth
-it is snorted
-cheapest form

Front 33

caffeine

Back 33

-most widely used psychoactive drug
-can cause dependence and interfere with functioning
-belongs to a class of chemicals known as xanthines

Front 34

average consumption of americans

Back 34

-200-250 mg/day

Front 35

effects of caffeine

Back 35

-offsets the effects of fatigue on both mental and physical tasks
-headache treatment
-hyperactivity treatment

Front 36

reproductive effects of caffeine

Back 36

-high consumption reduces a woman's chances of becoming pregnant and slows the growth of the fetus
-research is mixed on whether it increases risk os miscarriage

Front 37

heart disease effects of caffeine

Back 37

high intake may increase the risk of heart attack, particularly in people with other risk factors

Front 38

theobromine and cocoa

Back 38

stimulant found in chocolate