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54 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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During this phase, drugs in solid form ( tabs and capsules) are disintegrated and dissolved by fluids in the stomach and small intestines
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Pharmaceutical Phase
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This phase applies to all drugs and is characterized by movement of the drug.
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Pharmacokinetic phase
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What is the first aspect of the pharmacokinetic phase?
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Absorption
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Defined by the movement of the drug from its site of entry into the body to the blood stream.
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Absorption
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What is the second phase of the pharmacokinetic phase?
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Distribution
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Defined as the movement of the drug from the blood stream to the interstitial space of tissue and then into the cells via perfusion.
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Distribution
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This phase applies to all drugs and is characterized by the bio-chemical actions of the drug and the physicological responses to drugs.
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Pharmacodynamic phase
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During this phase drugs modify the existing functions of target tissues. They can stimulate (agonists) or inhibit (antagonists) cellular function in the body
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Pharmacodynamic phase
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This stages follows the pharmacodynamic phase when the drug is on the move again. During this phase the third action of metabolism and the fourth aspect excretion takes place.
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Pharmacokinetic phase
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Metabolism is also called
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Biotransformation
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Variables that affect the pharmaceutical phase
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1.Drug preparation (er, enteric coating)
2. pH of gastric fluid 3. Incomplete swallowing |
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Defined by the percentage of drug dose that reaches the systemic circulation.
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Bioavailability
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True / False?
Bioavailability is not affected by the route of administration. |
False drugs that are administered IV have the greatest bioavailability Bc they r delivered directly into the bloodstream. Oral drugs have the least bioavailability due to the many factors that can affect the drug in the gastro-intestinal tract
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What are the six pharmacodynamic drug action phases?
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Receptor phase, inhibit enzymes, chemical interactions, osmotic effects, ion exchange, physical effect.
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Two or more similar drugs are given together to conquer a problem
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Summation
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One drug that hangs around in reservoirs
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Cummulation
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Two or more different types of drugs are given simultaneously to create a pharmacological effect that is greater than the sum of the drugs when given independently.
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Potentiation (Synergism)
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This type of allergic reaction occurs within minutes to the allergen. Characterized by pruritis, rash, urticaria and/or edema. Anaphylactic shock can take place during this phase
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Type I
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This type of allergic reaction is characterized by auto-immune response. Hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia or lupus erythematous can be seen. This reaction is usually reversible within weeks to months after the drug is discontinued
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Type II
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This type of allergic reaction is characterized by fever, swollen lymph nodes, arthralgia, and enlarged spleen. Usually occurs within 1-3 weeks after exposure to the drug
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Type III
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This type of allergy is caused by sensitized T lymphocytes. Results in contact dermatitis. Pruritis, rash and hives occurs when touching allergen.
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Type IV
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The time it takes the drug to reach the minimum effective concentration in the plasma after it is administered
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Onset of action
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Differences in genetic makeup can cause varied responses to drugs
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Pharmacogenetics
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The ratio between the minumum effective concentration and the minimum toxic concentration.
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Therapeutic range
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The ratio between the effective dose and the lethal dose.
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Therapeutic index
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What pharmacodynamic phase? The Active ingredients in drugs have an affinity for reactive receptor sites found on the surface of cells or within cells. There is a specificity between certain drugs and certain receptor sites. The greater fit between the drug and the receptor site, the more effective the drug and fewer side effectes or adverse reactions it causes. This is likened to a key fitting into a lock. Most drugs exert their effect by binding with receptors
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Receptor/Binding
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What pharmacodynamic phase?
Drugs that inhibit the action of a specific enzymes cause the enzyme to bind with the drug instead of its target cells. These drugs are called anti-metabolites. |
Enzyme Inhibitors
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Name the 6 types of Pharmacodynamic Phases.
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Receptor Phase,
Inhibit Enzymes, Osmotic Effect, Ion Exchange, Physical Effect Chemical Effect |
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What are the 5 main physiologic effects processes that can effect ABSORPTION in the Pharmacokinetic Phase?
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1. Bioavailability (which is based on the route, first pass/ second pass effect)
2. Number of mucosal microvilli in small intestine 3. Gastric Motility 4. Presence or Absence of food in the stomach 5. Food-Drug and Drug-Drug interactions |
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What are the 4 main physiologic effects processes that can effect DISTRIBUTION in the Pharmacokinetic Phase?
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1.Circulation of Blood
2. Degree of Plasma Protein Binding 3. Plasma Protein Levels 4. Presence of Tumors or Abscesses |
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What are the 2 main physiologic effects processes that can effect Metabolism in the Pharmacokinetic Phase?
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1.Liver Disease
2. The Length of Half-Life |
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What is the main physiologic effect processes that can effect Excretion in the Pharmacokinetic Phase?
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Renal Disease
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Evidence that a drug is excerting a theraputic response
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Efficacy
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occurs when the activation of excess drug metabolizing enzymes and/or decreased sensitivity at the receptor sites.
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Tolerance
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Referse to the dose range. Drugs have a maximum dose that will exert a theraputic response.
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Dose Response
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DEFINE: Differences in genetic makeup can cause varied responses to drugs.
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Pharmacogenetics
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Define: A persons knowledge of a drug and attitude toward a drug can influence the biological response.
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Psycho-social Factors
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DEFINE:This is referred to as the diurnal response. Some drugs have more effect when taken in the morning
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Time of Day
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Pharmacological action begins at this time
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Onset of Action
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Drug reaches the highest level of concentration in the plasma. It is most active at this time.
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Peak Action
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The length of time the drug has a pharmacological effect.
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Duration of action
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True or False? Peak levels indicate the rate of absorption?
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TRUE
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True or False? Trough levels indicate the rate of excretion?
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TRUE
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True or False? The half life of a drug is dose related?
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FALSE- The half life is NOT dose related. The half life is determined by the by the level of protein binding or sustained release drug preperations.
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What physiological dysfunction can lengthen half life?
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Liver and/or Kidney dysfunction
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Using a drug for any purpose other than its "primary" effect is called?
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off-lable or unlabled use
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What are the iatrogenic Gastro-Inestinal effects caused by drug therapy?
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Nausea, Vommiting, Diarrhea, Gastris Mucosal Irritation, Stomatitis
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What are the Iatrogenic Hematologic effects caused by drug therapy?
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Decrease in RBC or WBC (blood dyscrasias) CBC needs to be monitored
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What are the Iatrogenic Hepatotoxicity effects caused by drug therapy?
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Monitor for increase in ALT, ALKPH , and AST
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What are the Iatrogenic Metabolic effects caused by drug therapy?
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Weight gain, hyperglycemia, fluid and electrolyte imbalances. Steroids cause these effects
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What are the Iatrogenic Dermatologic effects caused by drug therapy?
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Rashes, itching, changes in pigmentation
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What are the Iatrogenic Photosensitivity effects caused by drug therapy?
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Increased reaction of the skin to the sun.
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What are the Iatrogenic Carcinogentic effects caused by drug therapy?
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Capable of causing cell mutation leading to carcinoma.
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What are the Iatrogenic Behavioral effects caused by drug therapy?
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Sedation, agitation, psychosis
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