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223 Cards in this Set
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Central nervous system depressant examples |
Alcohol Barbiturates (anti-seizure, sleeping) Anti-depressants Antianxiety tranquilizers |
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Central nervous system stimulant examples |
Amphetamine Cocaine Meth Ridellan |
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What do central nervous system depressant to do to the body |
Slow the operation of the central nervous system, cause the user to react, more slowly, process, information, more slowly, relieve, anxiety, intention, and reduce sedation, drowsiness and sleep |
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Hallucinogens examples |
LSD MDMA (ecstasy) Peyote Psilocybin |
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What do central nervous system stimulants do |
Speed up the operation of the central nervous system. Causes the user to become hyper active and or extremely talkative. Speech may become rapid and repetitive heart rate increases in blood pressure increases body temperature rises in the user may become excessively sweaty induce, emotional excitement, restlessness, irritability, and can cause cardiac arrhythmia, cardiac seizures, and |
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What do hallucinogens do? |
Create perceptions are different from reality. These perceptions are often very start of these are sees here as in smell things in a different from how they really look soon and smell. Hallucinogens cause the nervous system to send strange signals to the brain. Examples sights sounds colours odours feelings, taste that aren’t real, mixing of senses |
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Dissociative anaesthetics examples |
PCP (phenyl CYLOHEXYL Piperidine)
Dextromethorphan |
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Narcotic analgesics examples |
Codeine Fentanyl Heroin Methadone Morphine OXY |
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Two sub categories of narcotic analgesics |
Natural opiates - derivatives of opium Synthetics - create similar effects |
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Analgesic |
Pain reliever |
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Narcotic analgesic effects |
Reduce pain, produce, euphoria, drowsiness, apathy, lessened, physical activity, and sometimes impaired vision |
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Inhalants examples |
Volatile solvents (glues, gasoline, paint) Aerosols (hairspray, insecticides,) Anaesthetic gases (nitrous oxide, Amyl nitrate) |
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Cannabis active ingredient |
Delta – nine tetrahydrocannabinol The |
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Polydrug use |
Subject under the influence of two or more different drugs |
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Seven categories of drugs |
Central nervous system depressants Inhalants Dissociative anaesthetics Cannabis Central nervous system stimulant Hallucinogens Narcotic analgesic |
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Which category does alcohol belong? |
Central nervous system depressant |
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Which category does cocaine belong |
Central nervous system stimulant |
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What is a speedball? |
Cocaine and heroin |
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In the 2013/2014 national roadside survey, what percentage of drivers tested positive for at least one illegal drug? |
15% |
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What categories of drugs were included in the Johns Hopkins evaluation? |
Central nervous system depressants Central nervous system Stimulants Cannabis |
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What percentage of blood tests in the LAPD field evaluation support of the presence of at least one drug category identified by the DREs |
92.5% |
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What was the landmark united states supreme court case that upheld the use of HGN as evidence of impairment |
Arizona vs Blake |
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What Supreme Court decision deemed a DRE to be allowed to provide opinion evidence without a voire dire |
R vs Bingley 2017 |
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Why is it so important to perform the drug influence evaluation exactly the same way every time |
Systematic - working within a fixed planner system Standardized- conforming to a model in comparative application |
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Reasons for standardization |
Ensures no mistakes are made No steps are omitted Eliminates extraneous, or unreliable “indicators” Promotes professionalism Helps secure acceptance in court |
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12 steps of drug influence evaluation |
Breath, alcohol screening Interview of arresting officer Preliminary examination pulse Eye exam Divided attention tests Vitals pulse Dark room exam Muscle tone Injection sites pulse Subject statements and other observations Opinion Toxicology |
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How many times is pulse rate measured during the drug influence evaluation |
Three times |
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What are the four divided attention psychophysical tests? |
Modified Romberg balance test Walk and turn One leg stand Finger to nose |
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What is the expected range of time for the modify Romberg balance test? |
30 seconds, +/- 5 sec |
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What does the modified Romberg balance test measure? |
The subjects, ability to divide attention, and estimate time |
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What are the validated clues for the modified Romberg balance test and the finger to nose test? |
There are no validated clues for modified rover balance, test, and finger to nose test |
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What is a drug? |
Any substance that when taken into the human body can impair the ability of the person to operate a conveyance. |
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What do central nervous system depressants do to the body |
Slow down the operation of the central nervous system. At high doses, will produce general anesthesia, and at very high doses, coma and death |
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What do central nervous system stimulants do to the body |
Speed up the central nervous system, produce emotional excitement, restlessness, irritability, can cause, arrhythmia, cardiac seizures, and death |
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What is the order of the divided attention tests? |
Modified Romberg balance test, walk and turn, one leg stand, finger to nose |
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What is polydrug use? |
The combined influence of two or more drugs |
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What is poly category use? |
The subject under the influence of two or more drug categories |
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In the Los Angeles Field evaluation, what percentage of blood tests supported at least one drug category identified by the DRE |
92.5% |
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Why is it important not to rely on only a chemical test to establish a subjects impairment |
May refuse Articulate impairment Establish on drugs/under the influence at the time Subject injury, or illness |
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Horizontal gaze nystagmus |
Lack of smooth pursuit Distinct and sustained nystagmus at maximum deviation Angle of onset |
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Vertical gaze nystagmus |
Involuntary up and down, jerking of the eyes |
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Lack of convergence |
Inability to draw eyes to the centre while watching a stimulus at the bridge of the nose |
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What drug categories can lack of conversions be a cue of ? |
Can be a cure the presence of “DIDC” Depressants, inhalants, dissociative, anesthetics, cannabis |
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What is being checked for in a preliminary eye exam? |
Equal pupil size Resting nystagmus Assessment of tracking ability |
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Why do DRE evaluation and not just take a bodily sample ? |
Obtain Arcticuable evidence of impairment (by doing eval and observing signs) If subject refuses testing Need a large amount of fluid to test for all drugs To rule out injury, illness and medical |
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Nystagmus |
Involuntarily jerking of the eyes |
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Horizontal gaze nystagmus clues |
Lack of smooth pursuit Distinct and sustained nystagmus at maximum deviation Angle of onset of nystagmus prior to 45 degrees |
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Horizontal gaze nystagmus clues |
Lack of smooth pursuit Distinct and sustained nystagmus at maximum deviation Angle of onset of nystagmus prior to 45 degrees |
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What are the DID drugs ? |
Central Nervous System Depressants Inhalants Dissociative anaesthetics |
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What is the purpose of comparing BAC and angle of onset? |
Determine possible presence of another DID drug |
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What is lack of convergence? |
Determines if subject is able to cross their eyes. |
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What are the preliminary eye exams ? |
Equal pupil size Resting nystagmus Equal tracking |
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What are the eye exams ? |
Horizontal gaze nystagmus Vertical gaze nystagmus Lack of convergence |
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What is a pupillometer? |
A device for measuring the size of the subjects pupils |
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What is pupillary unrest? |
The continuous regular change in the size of the people that may be observed in her room and study light conditions. Not abnormal or sign of impairment. |
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What is accommodation reflex? |
An adjustment of the eyes for viewing at various distances meaning the pupils are automatically constrict as objects move closer and dilate as objects checks move further away |
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What are the lighting conditions for pupil size estimation ? |
Room light Near total darkness Direct light |
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What is alcohol proof? |
Double the alcohol percentage of that beverage |
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What percentage of alcohol is absorbed through the stomach |
20% |
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What percentage of alcohol is absorbed through the plyorus |
80% |
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What is a The plyorus/pyloric valve? |
The muscle/valve controlling flow into the intestines |
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How is alcohol eliminated from the body? |
Primary location – metabolism in the liver Secondary location – through breath sweat, urine, tears, etc. |
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What is the liver enzyme that aids in metabolize alcohol? |
Alcohol dehydrogenase |
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What is the average metabolism rate of alcohol? |
15 mg%/hour |
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What is bruxism? |
Grinding of teeth |
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What is alcohol? |
A family of closely related chemicals who’s molecules are made up of hydrogen, carbon and oxygen |
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What is fermentation? |
Used combined with sugars from fruits/greens in chemical reaction producing ethanol(ETOH) Maximum 14% |
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What is distillation? |
Fermented beverages boiled at a controlled temperature to extract/concentrate, ethanol fumes |
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What is the body temperature range? |
37.0 C +/- .5 |
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What is the DRE pulse rate range? |
60 to 90 BPM |
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What is the DRE blood pressure range |
Systolic 120-140 Diastolic 70–90 |
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What is the DRE body temperature range? |
37.0 C +/- .5 98.6 F +/- 1 |
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What is a Sphygmomanometer ? |
Blood pressure cuff |
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What are the components of a sphygmomanometer? |
Tubes, manometer (pressure gauge) compression cuff |
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What are Korotkoff Sounds ? |
This sounds listen to when taking a blood pressure
Clear, tapping sounds - systolic pressure Swishing then no sound - diastolic |
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What are the DRE blood pressure ranges |
Systolic - 120 - 140 mmHg Diastolic - 70 - 90 mmHg |
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What is a pupillometer ? |
Used to estimate the size of the subject pupils |
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What is pupillary unrest? |
The continuous, irregular change in the size of the pupils that may be observed on a room or unsteady, like conditions, not abnormal, or a sign of impairment |
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What is accommodation reflex? |
An adjustment of the eyes for viewing at various distances meaning the pupils it will automatically constrict as objects, move closer and dilate as objects move further away |
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What are the lighting conditions for pupil size estimation ? |
Room light Near total darkness Direct light |
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What are the preliminary eye exams? |
Equal pupil size Resting nystagmus Equal tracking |
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What are the eye exams? |
1) Horizontal gaze nystagmus - Lack of smooth pursuit -distinct and sustained nystagmus maximum deviation - Onset of nystagmus prior to 45 2) vertical gaze nystagmus 3) lack of convergence |
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What is rebound dilation? |
A period of pupillary constriction followed by a period of pupillary dilation where the pupil steadily increases in size, and the range between the minimum and maximum is equal to, or greater than 1 mm and does not return to its original constricted size |
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What is a slow reaction to light |
A reaction to light that takes one second or more to occur |
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What are the DRE? People ranges for room light |
2.5 mm to 5 mm. |
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What are the DRE pupil ranges for near total darkness |
5 mm to 8.5 mm. |
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What are the DRE average pupil ranges for direct light? |
2.0 mm to 4.5 mm |
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What is miosis |
Abnormally, constricted pupil |
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What is mydrasis? |
Abnormally, dilated pupil |
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What does the pulmonary system do? |
Deals with the passage of blood through the lungs Deoxygenated blood Driven by the right side of the heart |
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What is the systemic system? |
Involves the whole body Driven by the left side of the heart |
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What does the pulmonary artery do? |
Takes deoxygenated blood back to the heart |
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What does the pulmonary vein do? |
Takes oxygenated blood away from the heart |
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What does a vein do? |
Text deoxygenated blood to the heart with the exception of the pulmonary vein |
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What does an artery do? |
Pumps blood away from the heart, with the exception of the pulmonary artery |
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What does the left side of the heart pump? |
Oxygen, rich blood |
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What kind of blood is in the right side of the heart? |
Deoxygenated blood |
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What is a pulse? |
Arrhythmic, dilation and relaxation of an artery that results from the beating of the heart |
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What is a pulse rate? |
The number of pulsations of an artery per minute |
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What is an artery? |
A strong elastic blood vessel that carries blood from the heart to body tissues |
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What is a vein? |
A blood vessel that carries blood back to the heart from the body tissues |
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What are the pulse points? |
Brachial radial carotid |
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How are beats per minute calculated |
Number of beats felt in 30 seconds X 2 |
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What is the DRE average pulse rate |
60 to 90 bpm |
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What is blood pressure? |
The force exerted on the arteries by the circulating blood |
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What is systolic pressure? |
The maximum force occurring during contraction of the heart |
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What is diastolic pressure |
The minimum force occurring when the heart relaxes |
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What is the DRE average blood pressure range |
Systolic - 120-140 Diastolic- 70-90 |
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What does lack of convergence mean? |
Inability to cross the eyes what is accommodation reflects |
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What is accommodation reflex |
An adjustment of the eyes for viewing at various distances meaning the pupils will automatically constrict as objects, move closer and dilate as objects move farther away |
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What is rebound dilation? |
A period of pupillary constriction, followed by a period of pupillary dilation where the pupil Studley increases in size, and the range between minimum and maximum is equal to, or greater than 1 mm and does not returned with original constricted size |
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What is the DRE average pupil size for room light? |
2.5 to 5 mm |
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What is the DRE average pupil size for near total darkness? |
5 to 8.5 mm. |
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What is the DRE average pupil size range for direct light |
2.0 to 4.5mm |
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What is the average pupil size for a non-impaired person in room light? |
4mm |
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What is the average pupil size for a non-impaired person in room light? |
4mm |
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What is the average people size for a non-impaired person in near total darkness? |
Approximately 6.5 mm |
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What is the average pupil size for a non-impaired person in room light? |
4mm |
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What is the average people size for a non-impaired person in near total darkness? |
Approximately 6.5 mm |
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What is the average pupil size for a non-impaired person indirect light |
3mm |
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What is the average pupil size for a non-impaired person in room light? |
4mm |
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What is the average people size for a non-impaired person in near total darkness? |
Approximately 6.5 mm |
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What is the average pupil size for a non-impaired person indirect light |
3mm |
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What is a pulse? |
Rhythmic, dilation and relaxation of an artery that results from the beating of the heart |
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What is the average pupil size for a non-impaired person in room light? |
4mm |
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What is the average people size for a non-impaired person in near total darkness? |
Approximately 6.5 mm |
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What is the average pupil size for a non-impaired person indirect light |
3mm |
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What is a pulse? |
Rhythmic, dilation and relaxation of an artery that results from the beating of the heart |
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What is a pulse rate? |
The number of pulsations in an artery per minute |
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What is the average pupil size for a non-impaired person in room light? |
4mm |
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What is the average people size for a non-impaired person in near total darkness? |
Approximately 6.5 mm |
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What is the average pupil size for a non-impaired person indirect light |
3mm |
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What is a pulse? |
Rhythmic, dilation and relaxation of an artery that results from the beating of the heart |
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What is a pulse rate? |
The number of pulsations in an artery per minute |
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What is an artery? |
A strong elastic blood vessel that carries blood from the heart to body tissues |
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What is the average pupil size for a non-impaired person in room light? |
4mm |
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What is the average people size for a non-impaired person in near total darkness? |
Approximately 6.5 mm |
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What is the average pupil size for a non-impaired person indirect light |
3mm |
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What is a pulse? |
Rhythmic, dilation and relaxation of an artery that results from the beating of the heart |
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What is a pulse rate? |
The number of pulsations in an artery per minute |
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What is an artery? |
A strong elastic blood vessel that carries blood from the heart to body tissues |
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What is a vein? |
A blood vessel that carries blood back to the heart from the body tissues |
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What is the average pupil size for a non-impaired person in room light? |
4mm |
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What is the average people size for a non-impaired person in near total darkness? |
Approximately 6.5 mm |
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What is the average pupil size for a non-impaired person indirect light |
3mm |
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What is a pulse? |
Rhythmic, dilation and relaxation of an artery that results from the beating of the heart |
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What is a pulse rate? |
The number of pulsations in an artery per minute |
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What is an artery? |
A strong elastic blood vessel that carries blood from the heart to body tissues |
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What is a vein? |
A blood vessel that carries blood back to the heart from the body tissues |
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What is the DRE average pulse rate? |
60-90 bpm |
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What is the DRE blood pressure range |
Systolic 120 to 140 Diastolic 70 to 90 |
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How is alcohol absorbed by the body? |
20% through the stomach walls 80% through plyorus/pyloric valve to intestines |
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Where will alcohol go in the body? |
Alcohol will go to wherever it finds water Fatty tissue will receive very little Muscle tissue will receive a relatively high proportion of the alcohol |
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How is alcohol metabolized in the liver? |
Alcohol dehydrogenase enzyme |
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On average, how much does a BAC drop per hour? |
15 mg/% |
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What are signs and symptoms of alcohol overdose/poisoning |
Abnormally slow breathing Confusion Conscious but unresponsive (stupor) Hypothermia Pale Unconscious Vomiting |
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What is a blood alcohol concentration? |
The number of milligrams of alcohol found in 100 mL of a persons blood |
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What is the chemical abbreviation for beverage alcohol? |
ETOH |
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Name of the chemical process by which a beverage alcohol is produced naturally |
Fermentation |
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Name of the chemical process by which a beverage alcohol is produced naturally |
Fermentation |
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True or false BAC is the number of grams of alcohol in every 100 mL of blood |
False |
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Name of the chemical process by which a beverage alcohol is produced naturally |
Fermentation |
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True or false BAC is the number of grams of alcohol in every 100 mL of blood |
False |
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True or false Pound for Pound the average woman contains more water than does the average man |
True 55% for women 68% for men |
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Name of the chemical process by which a beverage alcohol is produced naturally |
Fermentation |
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True or false BAC is the number of grams of alcohol in every 100 mL of blood |
False |
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True or false Pound for Pound the average woman contains more water than does the average man |
True 55% for women 68% for men |
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What do we mean by the proof of an alcoholic beverage? |
Double alcohol content by volume |
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Name of the chemical process by which a beverage alcohol is produced naturally |
Fermentation |
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True or false BAC is the number of grams of alcohol in every 100 mL of blood |
False |
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True or false Pound for Pound the average woman contains more water than does the average man |
True 55% for women 68% for men |
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What do we mean by the proof of an alcoholic beverage? |
Double alcohol content by volume |
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Every chemical that is an alcohol contains what three elements |
Oxygen Hydrogen Carbon |
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True or false Most of the alcohol, a person drinks is absorbed into the blood via the small intestine |
True 80% |
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What is the name of the muscle that controls the passage from the stomach to the lower gastrointestinal tract? |
Pyloric Valve |
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True or false Alcohol can pass directly through the stomach walls and enter the bloodstream |
Yes 20% |
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Suppose a man and woman who both weigh 160 pounds arrived at a party and started to drink at the same time. I’m supposed to hours later they both have a BAC of 100 mg%. How did this occur |
The male drank more |
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Suppose a man and woman who both weigh 160 pounds arrived at a party and started to drink at the same time. I’m supposed to hours later they both have a BAC of 100 mg%. How did this occur |
The male drank more |
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In which organ of the body does most of the metabolism of the alcohol take place? |
Liver |
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What is the name of the enzyme that aids the metabolism of alcohol? |
Alcohol dehydrogenase |
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Once a person reaches his or her peak BAC, it will drop at a rate of about what |
15mg% |
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True or false It takes about 30 minutes for the average 175 pound man to burn off the alcohol in one 12 ounce can of beer |
False - approx 1 hr |
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MURDERS INC |
Muscular Urinary Respiratory Digestive Endocrine Reproductive Skeletal Intergrumentary Nervous Circulatory |
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What are the two types of muscles ? |
Smooth (brain,pyloric) Striated (muscles that carry out voluntary movements) |
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What is homeostasis? |
The body adjusting to internal and external conditions in an attempt to achieve equilibrium |
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What is a neuron? |
“Wire segment” Cell body, axon, dendrite |
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What is an axon ? |
Part of the neuron that sends out the message. The neurotransmitter |
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What is a dendrite ? |
The part of the neuron that receives the neurotransmitter |
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What is a dendrite ? |
The part of the neuron that receives the neurotransmitter |
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What is a synapse/synapse gap? |
The gap between two neurons |
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What are efferent nerves ? |
Motor nerves Brain to body |
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What are affrent nerves ? |
Sensory nerves Body to brain |
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What are autonomic nerves ? |
Involuntary nerves |
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What are sympathetic nerves? |
Autonomic nerves “Fight or flight” Tells body to sweat, increase heart rate etc |
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What are parasympathetic nerves ? |
Autonomic nerves Produces relaxed and tranquil activities “Rest and digest” |
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What is the downside effect ? |
The body’s attempt at homeostasis that last longer than the drug. |
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What are sympathomimetic drugs? |
Mimic sympathetic nerves |
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What are sympathomimetic drugs? |
Mimic sympathetic nerves |
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What are parasympathetic drugs ? |
Mimic parasympathetic nerves |
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What is metabolite ? |
The product of metabolism |
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Rebound dilation is most commonly seen with what drug category |
Cannabis |
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During the direct light eye examination what is the minimum time the light should be held at the eye. |
15 seconds |
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A person on the downside of a central nervous system stimulant may appear to be under the influence of white drug categories? |
Central nervous system, depressant and narcotic analgesic |
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True or false A subject under the influence of a narcotic analgesic will display mydrasis according to the matrix. |
False |
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True or false All metabolize are non-psychoactive as the body has broken them down |
False |
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What is the chemical name for PCP? |
Phenyl Cyclohexyl Piperdine |
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What is dextromethorpan found in ? |
“DXM” cough syrup |
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What is the chemical name for PCP? |
Phenyl Cyclohexyl Piperdine |
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What is dextromethorpan found in ? |
“DXM” cough syrup |
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What do dissociative anaesthetic to do? |
Inhibit pain by dissociating the body from mind |
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What is the chemical name for PCP? |
Phenyl Cyclohexyl Piperdine |
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What is dextromethorpan found in ? |
“DXM” cough syrup |
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What do dissociative anaesthetic to do? |
Inhibit pain by dissociating the body from mind |
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What is synesthesia? |
Transposition of senses Ex hearing colours, seeing sounds |
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What is the chemical name for PCP? |
Phenyl Cyclohexyl Piperdine |
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What is dextromethorpan found in ? |
“DXM” cough syrup |
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What do dissociative anaesthetic to do? |
Inhibit pain by dissociating the body from mind |
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What is synesthesia? |
Transposition of senses Ex hearing colours, seeing sounds |
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What are the subcategories Of CNS depressants ? |
Antipsychotics Antidepressants Sedative/hypnotics Other |
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What is SNRI ? |
Seratonin nonrepinephrine reuptake inhibitor |
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What are MAOI’s ? |
Monoamine oxidase inhibitors |
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What is insufflation? |
Snorting |
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What are the CNS stimulant subcategories? |
Cocaine Amphetamines Others |
