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73 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are Carbs?
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a.Carbon and Hydrogen in the ratio of C:2H:O
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Where do carbs come from?
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a. From plant cell walls (hemicelluloses and cellulose)
b. Dietary fiber (this was the one he stressed) |
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Why do humans have to include carbohydrates in their diet? (7 reasons)
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a. Provides energy
b. Some cells only use CHO (brain) c. Spares protein for use as energy d. Prevents ketosis e. Sweetner f. Needed for effective fat burning g. Source of fiber |
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*RDA for glucose?
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130 g/day
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Does the average American get the RDA for glucose each day?
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b. Most people consume 190 to 250 per day, so no they consume more.
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What are Carbs?
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a.Carbon and Hydrogen in the ratio of C:2H:O
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Where do carbs come from?
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a. From plant cell walls (hemicelluloses and cellulose)
b. Dietary fiber (this was the one he stressed) |
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Why do humans have to include carbohydrates in their diet? (7 reasons)
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a. Provides energy
b. Some cells only use CHO (brain) c. Spares protein for use as energy d. Prevents ketosis e. Sweetner f. Needed for effective fat burning g. Source of fiber |
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*RDA for glucose?
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130 g/day
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Does the average American get the RDA for glucose each day?
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b. Most people consume 190 to 250 per day, so no they consume more.
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What kind of diet would not provide the RDA for glucose?
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Atkins Diet or any other low carb/no carb diet.
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3 classifications of carbs and examples of each?
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a. Sugars – monosaccharides, polyols, disaccharides
b. Oligosaccharides – malto-oligosaccharides c. Polysacchraides - starch |
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2 classifications of monosaccharides?
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a. Ketone or Aldahyde group
b. number of carbons |
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Classification of the 8 most important monosacs and number of C's?
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a. Aldoses – glucose(6), manose(6), galactose(6), ribose(5), glyceraldehydes(3)
b. Ketose – ribulose(5), fructose(6), dihydroxyacetone(3) |
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Does glucose exist as D or L sterioisomers?
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Both,due to an assymetric C.
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Do humans use D or L glucose?
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D
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Which C do we use in Glucose to determine whether D or L?
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Last chiral C.
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What are epimers?
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Sugars that differ at only 1 chiral center.
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*What two monosaccharides are epimers of glucose?
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a. Galactose
b. Mannose |
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*What is mutarotation?
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A reversible anomerization reaction where the alpha form of a sugar is converted to the beta form and visa verca.
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*What anomer of glucose is most prevalent in human tissue?
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Beta anomer and 6 member ring
Sidenote: important during transplants |
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How are glycosidic bonds formed?
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The hemiacetal or hemiketal group on one sugar reacts with the OH group on another.
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What is the glycemic index?
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Measure of how fast a starch or sugar breaks down in the body and how fast it will raise the insulin level in the body.
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Why factors effect the Glycemic Index of foods?
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a. Amount of processing
b. Amount of cooking c. Starch composition (i.e. amylose/amylopectin ratio) |
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What are glycosaminoglycans?
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GAGs are a disaccharide unit that is repeated.
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What 5 monosaccharides are used in high amounts to form GAGs?
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a. Β-D-glucuronic acid
b. α-L-iduronic acid c. β-D-galactose d. β-D-N-acetylgalactosamine e. α-D-N-acetylglucosamine |
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What are the 6 GAGs and what are they used for?
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See Handout Carbs #1
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What had the best clinical trials for promoting cartilage formation?
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Chondroitin Sulfate
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Why do chondroitin sulfate and glucosamine supplements help to promote cartilage formation?
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Cartilage has a very slow turnover, but responds to it’s macromolecular constituents. The only way joints can manufacture more matrix is to make more Chondroitin sulfate and Keratan Sulfate
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What are proteoglycans?
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GAGs with a little protien
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What do proteoglycans do?
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Regulate activity of secreted molecules.
Sidenote: specifically in joint cushioning |
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What are glycoprotiens?
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More protien that carb (not GAGs)
Covalently attach to an oligosac |
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2 types of glycoprotiens?
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a. Based on the element used to link the carb and the protien.
b. O- and N-linked |
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Uses of glycoprotiens?
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a. Structural – collagen
b. Lubricant – mucins c. Transport – transferrins d. Immune system – immunoglobulins e. Hormone f. Enzyme g. Blood clotting - fibrinogen h. Cell surface recognition - lectins Don't need to know the examples. |
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What are lectins?
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Carb binding glycoprotiens that mediate cell-cell adhession.
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What role do lectins play in the immune system function?
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Direct monocyte movement by "tagging" invader cells for destruction, but also can turn off protien synthesis (i.e. ricin)
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What 2 compounds can inhibit the tongue sweet receptor? Where are they found?
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a Lactisole- comes from coffee bean (used in jelly).
b. Gurmarin- Indian herb (used for diabetes) |
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*What monosaccaride produces the strongest and fastest response to sweetness in our tongue?
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Fructose
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What hormone is primarily responsible for promoting the synthesis and secretion of amylase from pancreatic acinar cells?
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CCK
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What are Steviosides?
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natural alternative to sugar found in the stevio bush (South America).
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What do proteoglycans do?
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Regulate activity of secreted molecules.
Sidenote: specifically in joint cushioning |
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What do proteoglycans do?
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Regulate activity of secreted molecules.
Sidenote: specifically in joint cushioning |
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What are glycoprotiens?
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More protien that carb (not GAGs)
Covalently attach to an oligosac |
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What are glycoprotiens?
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More protien that carb (not GAGs)
Covalently attach to an oligosac |
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2 types of glycoprotiens?
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a. Based on the element used to link the carb and the protien.
b. O- and N-linked |
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2 types of glycoprotiens?
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a. Based on the element used to link the carb and the protien.
b. O- and N-linked |
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Uses of glycoprotiens?
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a. Structural – collagen
b. Lubricant – mucins c. Transport – transferrins d. Immune system – immunoglobulins e. Hormone f. Enzyme g. Blood clotting - fibrinogen h. Cell surface recognition - lectins Don't need to know the examples. |
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Uses of glycoprotiens?
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a. Structural – collagen
b. Lubricant – mucins c. Transport – transferrins d. Immune system – immunoglobulins e. Hormone f. Enzyme g. Blood clotting - fibrinogen h. Cell surface recognition - lectins Don't need to know the examples. |
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What are lectins?
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Carb binding glycoprotiens that mediate cell-cell adhession.
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What are lectins?
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Carb binding glycoprotiens that mediate cell-cell adhession.
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What role do lectins play in the immune system function?
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Direct monocyte movement by "tagging" invader cells for destruction, but also can turn off protien synthesis (i.e. ricin)
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What role do lectins play in the immune system function?
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Direct monocyte movement by "tagging" invader cells for destruction, but also can turn off protien synthesis (i.e. ricin)
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What 2 compounds can inhibit the tongue sweet receptor? Where are they found?
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a Lactisole- comes from coffee bean (used in jelly).
b. Gurmarin- Indian herb (used for diabetes) |
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What 2 compounds can inhibit the tongue sweet receptor? Where are they found?
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a Lactisole- comes from coffee bean (used in jelly).
b. Gurmarin- Indian herb (used for diabetes) |
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*What monosaccaride produces the strongest and fastest response to sweetness in our tongue?
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Fructose
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*What monosaccaride produces the strongest and fastest response to sweetness in our tongue?
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Fructose
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What hormone is primarily responsible for promoting the synthesis and secretion of amylase from pancreatic acinar cells?
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CCK
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What hormone is primarily responsible for promoting the synthesis and secretion of amylase from pancreatic acinar cells?
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CCK
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What are Steviosides?
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natural alternative to sugar found in the stevio bush (South America).
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What are Steviosides?
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natural alternative to sugar found in the stevio bush (South America).
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Besides steviosides, what is the other widely used natural alternative to sugar?
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Thaumatin-sold as Talin in Europe
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What is the major digestive enzyme produced by pancreatic acinar cells?
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Proteases (70% of secretion)
Not alpha amylase! |
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Which form of starch is responsible for producing limit dextrins?
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Amylopectin
Sidenote: The other form is amylose |
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Why is poor absorption of dietary fructose a common problem?
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We consume too much fructose. 50% of people can't 50 grams. 10% of people can't handle 25 grams. Until recently humans never needed to transport so much fructose through their boddy.
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What is lactose intolerance?
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Decline in lactase production (with age).
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How prevalent is lactose intolerance?
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70% of the world
Sidenote: higher in minorities |
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How to diagnose lactose intolerance?
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Gistory of GI intolerance to dairy products and an abnormal lactose tolerance test that shows a failure of blood glucose level to rise in response to lactose or by a breath hydrogen test
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Treatment of lactose intolerance?
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a. Taking lactase enzyme
b. Not eating dairy. c. Eating lactase treated food |
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What does measuring the amount of H in your expired air tell you?
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The amount of bacteria in your gut.
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*What happens to most dietary fiber that humans ingest?
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Feeds bacteria in the gut.
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*What 3 fatty acids get produced from dietary fiber?
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Acetate, Proprionate, Butyrate
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What 2 foods have been genetically altered so that their starch is now predominately amylose instead of amylopectin
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a. Corn
b. Potatoes |
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List the 7 enzymes for carb digestion. Where are they produced? How do they work?
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See Carbs #2 in handout
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