Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
62 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
|
Atoms
|
Composed of protons, neutrons (located in nucleus), and electrons. Electrons revolve around nucleus in orbital shells
|
|
|
|
Atomic number
|
Number of protons in an atom; in a electrically neutral atom it is also number of electrons
|
|
|
|
Ion
|
atom gains of loses electrons; aquiring a net electrical charge.
|
|
|
|
Molecules
|
2 or more atoms linked together
|
|
|
|
Covalent bond
|
two atoms share a pair of electrons
|
|
|
|
Polar covalent bond
|
one atom attracts the bonding electrons more than the other atom of the pair
unequal sharing of electron pair, unequal charge distribution |
|
|
|
Nonpolar covalent bond
|
two atoms of similar electronegativities
equal charge distribution |
|
|
|
Molecular shape
|
altered within limits by the rotation of their atoms around covalent bonds
|
|
|
|
Free radicals
|
atoms with unpaired electron in outermost orbital
highly reactive, unstable oxidizes other atoms |
Oxidation causes free radical to gain an electron and the other atom usually becomes a new free radical
|
|
|
Electonegativity
|
power of an atom to attract electrons
|
|
|
|
Ionic bonding
|
charged atom
electrical attraction between 2 ions with unequal charges unequal number of protons and electrons |
|
|
|
Cation
|
ion having net positive charge
|
|
|
|
Anion
|
ion having net negative charge
|
|
|
|
Hydrogen bonds
|
form between polar molecules
resulf of (+) end being attracted to (-) end. Weak bond determine shape of large molecules, shape determines function and ability to interact with other molecules |
|
|
|
Bond Strength
|
Covalent-share electrons-strongest
Ionic-opp attract-strong hydrogen-(H to O or N)- weak Hydrophobic (C to H) weakest |
|
|
|
Free radical formation
|
Exposure to radiation or toxins
cause DNA damage take antioxidants to protect Vit C and E |
|
|
|
Water
|
excellent solvent-dissolves more compounds than any other solvent
capacity to absorb, store and release heat high specific heat heat buffer |
Adhesive-water molecules adhere to the surface
Cohesive-water molecules cling together |
|
|
Solution
|
homogeneous mixture of 2 or more kinds of molecules, atoms or ions
|
|
|
|
Solute
|
dissolved substance
|
|
|
|
Solvent
|
substance in which the solute dissolves
|
|
|
|
Solute concentration
|
amount of the solute present in the unit volume of solution
g/l; moles/L or 1M solution |
|
|
|
Like dissolves like
|
nonpolar solutes are soluble in nonpolar solutions
polar solutes are soluble in polar solutions |
|
|
|
Hydorphilic
|
dissolve in and interact with water (ions and polar covalent molecules)
water loving |
|
|
|
Hydrophobic
|
do not interact with water
poorly soluble or completely insoluble (nonpolar covalent) water hating |
|
|
|
Amphipathic molecules
|
a molecule containing polare or ionized groups at one end and nonpolar groups at the other
phospholipids in water nonpolar regions hide inside to get away from water |
|
|
|
Hydrolysis reaction
|
breaking of a chemical bond with additon of elements of water (H and OH) to the products formed
|
|
|
|
Dehydration reaction
|
Water removed to form covalent bond
|
|
|
|
Acid
|
molecules that release protons (H+) in solution
more H+=more acidic |
strong acids completely ionize in solution
weak acids incompletely ionize in solution |
|
|
Base
|
molecules that accept protons (H+) in solution or releases hydroxide ions (OH-)
|
|
|
|
pH scale
|
based on -log [H+]
lower the pH = more acidic higher pH = more basic |
neutral solution - pH 7.0
acidic solution - pH < 7.0 basic solution - pH > 7.0 |
|
|
Importance of pH
|
cells functino in limited range 7.35-7.45
7.8-6.8 = death enzyme activity is affected by pH changes can casue protein denaturation- loss of function |
Buffers keep pH within normal limits
Buffers take up excess H+ or OH- to minimizes changes |
|
|
Orgamic molecules
|
Carbon based
contain carbon and hydrogen |
each carbon can covalently bond to 4 other atoms
|
|
|
Macromolecules
|
Polymers composed of smaller subunits called monomers
|
synthesized by dehydration reactions, broken down by hydrolysis reactions
|
|
|
Functional groups
|
group of atoms attached to an organic molecue the gives it unique chemical properties
|
give electrical charge, polarity or make hydrophobic or hydrophilic
|
|
|
Carbohydrates
|
simple and complex sugars
important to engery production and storage |
|
|
|
Simple sugars
|
Monosaccharides (monomer)
pentoses or hexoses glucose and fructose |
Disaccharides (2 bonded monosacchirides)
lactose- milk sugar maltose- wheat sugar sucrose- table sugar |
|
|
Polysacchrides
|
many monosaccharides linked together to form polymers
|
complex sugars
starch, glycogen= store energy cellulose and chitin are stuctural components |
|
|
Lipids
|
hydrogen and carbon atoms
nonpolar, hydrophobic 40% of organic matter in average body |
4 subgroups
Fatty acids triglycerides phospholipids steroids |
|
|
Triglycerides/fats
|
3 fatty acid molecules + 1 glycerol
|
|
|
|
Fatty acids
|
2 oxygen atoms with carbon and hydrogen
|
|
|
|
Saturated fatty acid
|
all carbons are linked by single covalent bonds
|
|
|
|
Unsaturated fatty acide
|
contain one or more double bonds between carbon atoms
|
monounsaturated- one double bond
polyunsaturated- more than one double bond |
|
|
cis Fatty acid
|
both hydrogens on same side of double bond
H H I I C = C |
|
|
|
trans fatty acid
|
hydrogens are opposite sides of the double bonded carbons
H I -C=C- I H |
impart stability to the food for longer storage and alters the foods flavor and consistency
|
|
|
Eicosanoids
|
altered fatty acids from arachidonic acid that regulate cell functions
|
|
|
|
Phospholipids
|
glycerol + 2 fatty acids + phosphate group + (nitrogen-containing group)
|
amphipathic
forms phospholipid bilayers of cellular membranes |
|
|
Steroids
|
structure includes 4 interconnected rings of carbon atoms
not water soluble |
cholesterol, cortisol, testosterone, estrogen
|
|
|
Proteins
|
50% of organic material in the body
|
composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen
|
|
|
Polypeptides
|
polymers formed from amino acids joined by peptide bonds
|
peptide has < 50 amino acids
|
|
|
Amino acids
|
amino group
carboxyl group varying side chains |
20 different naturally occuring Amino Acids
|
|
|
Glycoproteins
|
one or more monosaccharides covalently attached to the side chaings of specific amino acids
|
connective tissue
mucus |
|
|
Primary protein structure
|
amino acids linked in a chain
|
sequence will determin secondary and tertiary structure as well as what type of protein you have.
shape determines frunction |
|
|
Secondary structure
|
flexibile, can bend and rotate around bonds and assume a number of shapes
|
H bonds positioning determines the shape
can be coiled into alpha helix shape. H bonds can also form between peptide bonds and chain can run parallel forming straing, extended region beta pleated sheet |
|
|
tertiary Protein structure
|
Disulfied bonds (contain sulfur) form covalent bonds, fold around form bonds between sulfur atoms and will hold tertiary shape
|
3D shape- way proteins fold itself in space- maintains secondary structure
|
|
|
Quaternary Protein structure
|
2 or more polypeptides join to make one protein
|
diverse function- hemoglobin
|
|
|
Nucleic acids
|
responsible for the storage, expression and transmission of genetic information
|
determins whether one is a human or a mouse, a muscle cell or an epithelial cell
|
|
|
DNA
|
dioxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
store genetic information on chromosomes double stranded |
sugar called deoxyribose
|
|
|
RNA
|
ribonucleic acid
single stranded converts the information in DNA into proteins |
|
|
|
DNA
|
identified by nitrogenous
4 bases 2 classes 1. purine base (double ring) -adenine -guanine 2. pyrimidine base (single ring) -cytosine -thymine |
2 chains are held together by 3 hydrogen bonds between purine guanine and pyrimidine cytosine (C-G)
2 hydrogen bonds between purine adenine and pyrimidine thymine (A-T) |
|
|
RNA
|
contains uracil instead of thymine
|
Base bair with purine adenine and uracil (A-U) pairing
the other three bases, adenine, guanine and cytosine are the same as DNA |
|
|
ATP
|
adenosine triphosphate
purine bases |
transferes energy between nutrients and cells
break down releases energy hydrolysis releases energy |
|
|
ATP in cells
|
used for
production of force and movement active transport synthesis of organic molecules |
|
