Dna To Protein

Front 1

polypeptides

Back 1

long chain of amino acids

Front 2

peptides

Back 2

short chains of amino acids

Front 3

amino acids

Back 3

molecules small enough to enter the bloodstream at the small intestine

Front 4

Transcription

Back 4

synthesis of of RNA molecuke that is complementary to one strand of the DNA double helix for a particular gene

Front 5

Translation

Back 5

uses the information in the RNA to manufacture a protein by aligning and joining specified amino acids

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S phase

Back 6

phase where DNA replicates

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M phase

Back 7

phase where no transcription and translation occur

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Central Dogma

Back 8

relationship between nucleic acids and protein as a directional flow of information

(DNA to RNA to protein)

Front 9

central carbon

amino group (NH²)

acid group (COOH)

hydrogen atom

"R" group

Back 9

framework of amino acids

Front 10

template strand

Back 10

an RNA complemetary strand of the double helix

Front 11

RNA polymerase

Back 11

an enzyme that builds RNA molecule

Front 12

coding strand

Back 12

the nontemplate strand of the DNA double helix

Front 13

conformation

Back 13

three dimensional shape that arises from complementary base pairing within the same RNA molecule

Front 14

messenger RNA (mRNA)

Back 14

- carries the information that specifies a particular protein

- encodes amino acid sequence

Front 15

codon

Back 15

set of three consecutive mRNA bases as a genetic code word that specifies a certain amino acid

Front 16

transcripts

Back 16

certain mRNA molecules to produce certain subsets of genes and express specialized functions

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ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

Back 17

associates with proteins to form ribosomes, which structurally support and catalyze protein synthesis

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ribosome

Back 18

assembles and link amino acids to form proteins

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ribozyme

Back 19

catalyze the formation of the peptide bonds between amino acids

Front 20

transfer (tRNA)

Back 20

- transports specific amino acids to the ribosome for protein synthesis

- binds an mRNA codon and a specific amino acid

Hint 20

cloverleaf shape

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anticodon

Back 21

3 bases complementary to an mRNA codon

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transcription factors

Back 22

- forming an apparatus that binds DNA at certain sequences and initiates transcription at specific sites on chromosomes

- to prevent chaos amd form basis for transcription

- connects genome amd environment

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binding domains

Back 23

guide synthesis to the genes they control

Front 24

CRISPR-cas9 and zinc finger nucleases

Back 24

genome editing technologies that harness binding domains

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transcription initiation

Back 25

when transcription factors and RNA polymerase attached to a promoter

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promoter

Back 26

a special sequence that signals the start of the gene

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TATA binding protein

Back 27

first transcription factor to bind

attracted to TATA box

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transcription elongation

Back 28

enzymes unwind the DNA double helix locally and free RNA nucleotides bond with exposed complementary bases on the DNA temolate strand

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terminator sequence

Back 29

when the DNA indicates where the gene's RNA-encoding region ends

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20 bases per second

Back 30

typical rate of transcription in humans

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10 minutes

Back 31

mRNA degraded every ___

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cap

Back 32

- a short sequence of modified nucleotides added to the 5'end of the molecule

- contains a backwardly inserted guanine (G) with methyl groups (CH³)

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methylated cap

Back 33

a recognition site for protein synthesis

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poly A tail

Back 34

- necessary for protein synthesis to begin and may also stabilize the mRNA

- 200 adenines added by special polymerase to 3' end

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introns (intervening sequences)

Back 35

removed from pre-mRNA

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exons

Back 36

parts of mRNA that remain and are translated into amino acid sequences

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pre-mRNA

Back 37

term use to call mRNA prior to intron removal

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small nuclear ribonucleoproteins (snRNPs) or snurps

Back 38

proteins associated with the self removal of introns

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spliceosome

Back 39

4 snurps that cuts introns out and attaches exons to form the mature mRNA

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3,365 bases

Back 40

average intron size

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145 bases

Back 41

average exon long

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isoforms

Back 42

different versions of the protein product because of combinations

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alternate splicing

Back 43

mechanism of combining exons of a gene in different ways

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genetic code

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correspondence between the chemical languages of mRNA and protein

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• free ribosomes in the cytoplasm

• ribosomes in endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

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where translation takes place

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1. triplet

2. does not overlap

3. includes controls

4. same in all species

Back 46

requirements for a genetic code

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AUG

Back 47

start codon

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UAG, UGA, UAA

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stop codon

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open reading frame

Back 49

a sequence that does not include a stop codon

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leader sequence

Back 50

short sequence of bases at the start of each mRNA that enables it to form hydrogen bonds with rRNA in a ribosome

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synonymous codons

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different codons that specify the same amino acid

Front 52

• few codons in mitochondria

• single-celled eukaryotes (ciliated protozoa)

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exceptions to the universality of the genetic code

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wobble

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it can bind to more than one type of base synonymous codons

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nonsynonymous codons

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encode different amino acids