Disease And Impairment Test 1

Front 1

Medical Model

Back 1

In the united states for many years understanding of chronic illness and disability was delineated by this which focused on specific medical conditions that were viewed as "problems" and were intrinsic to the individuals experiencing them.

Front 2

Social Model

Back 2

Was in reaction to the medical model,

emphasized societal and environmental barriers as primary contributors to disability. key component was equality. Paralleled civil rights and human rights movement

Front 3

The Biopsychosocial Model

Back 3

Alternative to medical and social models.

complex interaction of biological psychological, and social factors in combination that play role in individuals ability to function

social refers to environment

Front 4

The Experience of Disability

Back 4

Result of personal factors and circumstances individuals encounters within his or her own social and physical environment.

Dynamic interaction between individuals experience with disability and functional capacity within a given text. EXAMPLE:person first language: you don’t talk about the stroke guy. you talk about the guy that had the stroke. don’t let the diagnosis define them. avoid terms like bedridden wheelchair bound.

Front 5

impairment

Back 5

abnormality in body structure or appearance, one foot shorter than the other

Front 6

disability

Back 6

consequence of impairment in terms of performance

Front 7

Handicap:

Back 7

disadvantage individual experienced as a result of impairment or disability

Front 8

ICF

Back 8

International classifications of functioning

Front 9

What is the ICF

Back 9

Positive focus on function and health, Emphasizes integration of health and conditions (disease, injury, biological factors) and personal, societal, environmental factors. Disability not a problem: rather result of assets or barriers within social or physical environment. (disability is to ones owns interpretation)

Front 10

Left brain

Back 10

logic and facts side of the brain

Front 11

right brain

Back 11

more creative side of brain

Front 12

Congenital:

Back 12

born with a disability

Front 13

coping skills

Back 13

ways to manage,tolerate, reduce stress and restore psychological equilibrium

Front 14

Adventitious:

Back 14

means acquired

Front 15

Uses of ICF

Back 15

Structure to facilitate communication within a between multidisciplinary groups
clarify team roles and enhance clinical reasoning
organize service provision
catalyst for research
Framework for legislative, regulatory, social, and health policy related to disability.

Front 16

ICF is divided into two parts

Back 16

Part 1: Function and disability-body function and structure and activity and participation. ( how well their parts are working how well there minds are working)

Part 2: Contextual factors-

components: environmental factors and personal factors (what type of environment are they living in)

Front 17

Maximum Function

Back 17

greatest degree of functions possible; objective viewpoint

Front 18

Optimal functioning

Back 18

subjective viewpoint of individual; derived from his or her own goals and experience. (what the person wants)

Front 19

disease

Back 19

derived from medical model; changes in structure or function of body systems; focus on treatment; elimination of symptoms

Front 20

illness

Back 20

individuals perception of their condition

Front 21

health conditions

Back 21

how biological, psychological, social factors interact to determine functional capacity.

Front 22

acute

Back 22

sudden onset of symptoms short term in nature; affect functional capacity on temporary basis

Front 23

chronic

Back 23

symptoms last indefinitely; attributed to cause that may or may not be able to be identified

Front 24

trajectory

Back 24

course of health condition over time

Front 25

course

Back 25

nature or stages of condition: stable, progressive, episodic, degenerative, exacerbations, remissions

Front 26

idiopathic

Back 26

do not know the cause of the disease

Front 27

etiology

Back 27

the cause

Front 28

remission

Back 28

goes away, period of time when symptoms go away remain stable and do not progress.

Front 29

stable

Back 29

condition is being managed manifestations of the condition are not progressing and the heath status of the individual is not deteriorating

Front 30

progressive

Back 30

manifestations of the condition continue to progress while health and functional capacity continue to decline

Front 31

degenerative

Back 31

refers to conditions characterized by continuing breakdown of structure or function

Front 32

exacerbations

Back 32

periods of time when manifestations become worse

Front 33

stress in health conditions... Degree of stress

Back 33

relates to the degree of threat

Front 34

Coping strategies

Back 34

denial; regression; compensation; rationalization; diversion of feelings. Learned and developed overtime as a way to manage tolerate or reduce stress associated with significant life events

Front 35

coping is ______and ________ when it helps individuals reduce stress

Back 35

effective and adaptive

Front 36

denial

Back 36

negate the reality of the situation

Front 37

regression

Back 37

individuals subconciously revert to an earlier stage in development

Front 38

compensation

Back 38

learn to counteract functional incapacitation in one area by becoming stronger or more efficient in another

Front 39

rationalization

Back 39

enables an individual to find socially exceptable reasons for their behavior or to excuse themselves for not reaching their goals or not accomplishing tasks

Front 40

diversion of feelings

Back 40

one of the most positive and constructive of all coping strategies can be the diversion of unacceptable feelings or ideas into socially acceptable behaviors

Front 41

Guilt

Back 41

self critiscm or blame

Front 42

grief

Back 42

natural reaction to loss

Front 43

fear and anxiety

Back 43

threat due to loss of function, love, independence, financial, security

Front 44

developmental stages

Back 44

continual process from infancy to old age and death

Front 45

depression

Back 45

feelings of helplessness and hopelessness, apathy, or feelings of dejection and discouragement

Front 46

self concept

Back 46

tied to self esteem and personal identity and included individuals perceptions and beliefs about their own strengths and weaknesses as well as others perceptions of them

Front 47

self-esteem

Back 47

the evaluative component of an individuals self-concept. often thought as individuals assessment of their own self-worth with regard to attained qualities and performance

Front 48

social identity

Back 48

individuals self-concept derived from perceived membership in social group

Front 49

body image

Back 49

mental view of their body with regard to appearance, sexuality, ability to perform various physical tasks

Front 50

Stigma

Back 50

feelings of shame due to disapproval of others and guilt resulting from being discredited or devalued by others (on the outside)

Front 51

uncertainty

Back 51

concerns about unknown future

Front 52

visibility of a condition

Back 52

associated with stigmatization and marginality. conditions you can see and some you can not detect

Front 53

invisibility of condition

Back 53

no outward or physical signs or other cues to indicate limitations associated with conditons

Front 54

sexuality

Back 54

ever changing, lived experience, affecting the way individuals view themselves and their bodies
part of identity, self-image, self concept
need for intimacy physical love, contact

Front 55

family

Back 55

social network from which individuals derive identity and strong psychological bonds
provides protection, socialization, physical care, support, and love

Front 56

Quality of Life

Back 56

subjective in nature wit uno universal meaning
only individuals can determine personal meaning

Front 57

adjustment

Back 57

search for meaning in experience; regain control and self-determination over events in ones life

Front 58

acceptance

Back 58

reaching optimal functional capacity

Front 59

nonacceptance

Back 59

immobility, dependency, anger and hostility, prolonged mourning, detrimental or self destructive activities.

Front 60

Cultural aspects

Back 60

race/ethnicity
gender
spiritual/religious beliefs
sexual orientation

Front 61

Functional Aspects

Back 61

determined by interaction of factors related to personal and his./her environment

Front 62

structure and function of the nervous system

Back 62

Nervous system along with the endocrine system controls and coordinates the activities and functions throughout the body internally and externally, by sending, receiving, and sorting electrical impulse

Front 63

afferent

Back 63

sensory which carries messages from other parts of the body to the central nervous system

Front 64

efferent

Back 64

motor system which carries messages from the central nervous system to other parts of the body

Front 65

central nervous system consists of

Back 65

brain and spinal cord

Front 66

peripheral nervous system includes

Back 66

nerve fibers extending form the brain and spina lcord that carry info between the central nervous system and the rest of the body

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peripheral nervous system is divided into two parts :

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afferent and efferent

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nerve cells are

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neurons, which are functional units of the nervous system. neurons transmit messages to and from the brain

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axon

Back 69

conducts nerve impulses

Front 70

Dura Mater

Back 70

a membrane between bony coverings, outermost membrane, lying closest to the bony coverings of the brain and spinal cord (underneath the skull)

Front 71

arachnoid membrane

Back 71

middle membrane looks like a cobweb (where the cerebral spinal fluid regulates)

Front 72

pia mater

Back 72

inner membrane lies closest to the brain and spinal cord. (touches the brain and cannot be penetrated)

Front 73

epidural surface

Back 73

space between the dura mater and the inner surface of the bony covering

Front 74

subdural space

Back 74

space between the dura mater and arachnoid membrane

Front 75

subarachnoid space

Back 75

space between the arachnoid membrane and the pia mater

Front 76

CSF

Back 76

cerebral spinal fluid

Front 77

what does the csf do?

Back 77

cushions and protects the central nervous system

Front 78

CSF formed by ?

Back 78

special capillaries called the choroids plexus in inner chambers within the brain called ventricles

Front 79

ventricles

Back 79

inner chambers within the brain

Front 80

blood brain barrier

Back 80

protective device structural arrangement of capillaries that determines which substances can be moved from blue into the brain.

Front 81

white matter

Back 81

makes up inner part of the brain and the outer portion of the spinal cord and consists of mylinated covered axons that conduct nerve impulses.

Front 82

gray mater

Back 82

makes up the thin outer layer of the brain and inner portion of the spinal cord. consists of neuron cell bodies

Front 83

sympathetic nervous

Back 83

becomes active during periods of stress and in emergencies

Front 84

autonomic nervous system divided into two part

Back 84

part of the peripheral nervous system sympathetic and parasympathetic

Front 85

dendrites

Back 85

smaller nerve fibers conduct nerve impulses towards the cell body after recieving information from other neurons

Front 86

afferent neurons

Back 86

(sensory neurons) fibers that carry info from parts of the body to the brain

Front 87

efferent neurons

Back 87

(motor neurons) from brain to other parts of the body

Front 88

myelin sheath

Back 88

covers the neurons, fatty, provides insulation

Front 89

neurotransmitters

Back 89

at the tip of the axon is a tiny process

Front 90

synapse

Back 90

space between two neurons where the neurotransmitters are released

Front 91

cerebral spinal fluid

Back 91

central nervous system is protected by this and it cushions it

Front 92

cranium

Back 92

bony coverings of the skull

Front 93

cortex

Back 93

cerebrum is covered with a think outer layer of grey matter called this

Front 94

cerebrum

Back 94

largest part of the brain

Front 95

temporal lobe

Back 95

located under the the frontal and parietal lobes and is primarily responsible for the interpretation of and distinction between auditory stimuli

Front 96

occipital lobe

Back 96

located at the back or posterior portion of each hemisphere. primary area for reception and interprtation of visual stimuli

Front 97

wernikes area

Back 97

major area responsible for receptive function (speech understanding)

Front 98

brocas area

Back 98

responsible for speaking ability and is closely associated with motor areas that control the muscles need for articulation

Front 99

thalamus:

Back 99

acts as relay station that sorts, interprets, directs sensory information. involved incensory gathering and organizing

Front 100

limbic system

Back 100

expression of instincts drives emotion formation of memories (the cause of all my issues)

Front 101

cerebellum:

Back 101

coordination and integration of voluntary movement and for equilibrium, posture, balance of body.

Front 102

Brain stem

Back 102

acts as relay station; center of involuntary function

Front 103

reticular formation

Back 103

located within the brain stem, scattered groups of cells which are involved in the initiation and maintenance of wakefulness and alertness

Front 104

cranial nerves

Back 104

12 peripheral nerves that connect and transmit messages dirrectly to the brain

Front 105

spinal nerves

Back 105

the 31 pairs of peripheral nerves that connect and transmit messages directly to the spinal cord and are called spinal nerves

Front 106

peripheral nervous system

Back 106

nerves lying on the outside of the central nervous system

Front 107

somatic nervous system

Back 107

nerves that control voluntary functioning such as movement of the muscles or extremities

Front 108

autonomic nervous system

Back 108

integrates the work of vital organs such as the heart and lungs, job is to keep homeostasis

Front 109

parasympathetic nervous system

Back 109

dominates boyd when at rest, activates mechanisms that focus on body conservation such as decreasing the heart rate and constricting pupils of the eye

Front 110

sympathetic nervous system

Back 110

becomes active in emergencies and stress, prepares body for action. deepening respiration making heart beat faster dilating pupils

Front 111

TBI

Back 111

Traumatic Brain Injury

Front 112

what is the leading cause of incapacitation due to injury

Back 112

TBI

Front 113

Is TBI degenerative?

Back 113

no

Front 114

what are TBI mainly caused by?

Back 114

vehicle accidents, assaults, violence, shaking

Front 115

finklestein signs

Back 115

sign of de quervain synovitis

Front 116

categories of TBI

Back 116

closed head injury, open or penetrating injury, blast injury

Front 117

closed head injury

Back 117

could occur with a blow to the head or shaking or concussion. bleeding (hematoma) in intracranial cavity: which does more damage to the brain

Front 118

craniotomy-

Back 118

-remove a flap of the skull so that there is no pressure on the brain

Front 119

open head injury-

Back 119

skull fractured or foreign object penetrates skull.

Front 120

edema

Back 120

swelling of the brain

Front 121

intracranial hemorrhage

Back 121

bleeding within the cranial vault

Front 122

hematoma

Back 122

sac filled with blood

Front 123

what does swelling or bleeding do to the brain

Back 123

compresses the brain and causes cranial pressure which can interfere with brain function

Front 124

epideral hematoma

Back 124

occurs in the space between the outer membrane and the skull. Carry a high mortality rate because they may not be recognized immediately

Front 125

subdural hematoma

Back 125

space beneath the dura mater

Front 126

meninges

Back 126

the lining surrounding the brain

Front 127

blast injuries

Back 127

relates to initial shock wave blast from a war

Front 128

glasgow coma scale

Back 128

classification system for rating seriousness of brain injury
for a more serious injury who is not responsive
evaluated and tells us how bad the injury is

Front 129

Ranchos Los Amigos cognitive scale

Back 129

another scale to measure brain injury levels of arousal and cognitive functioning
doesn’t fit for people who are in comas.
once the person begins to move and talk

Front 130

disability rating scale

Back 130

was developed to quantify functional capacity patients with TBi and their progress form the time of injury through rehab into the time they reenter the community

Front 131

Level 1 associated wit TBI

Back 131

no response to sounds light or touch

Front 132

level 2 associated with TBI

Back 132

generalized response to stimuli such as responding to a loud noise but not turning toward the noise, not consistent and does not have purpose

Front 133

level 3 with TBI

Back 133

localized response open eyes and look at specific objects head turns in direction of sound "squeeze my hand

Front 134

level 4 with TBI

Back 134

confusion and agitation. restless regardless of circumstance. may become verbally abusive

Front 135

level 5 TbI

Back 135

confused with conversation making no sense may be able to follow simple instructions less agitated may become frustrated

Front 136

level 6 tbi

Back 136

confused by verbal responses are appropriate, some memory problems. capable of activites some judgment and problem solving difficulties

Front 137

level 7 tbi

Back 137

puposeful and independent can process new information

Front 138

concussion

Back 138

momentary loss of consciousness or breif period of feeling stunned after blow to head, considered mild brain injury

Front 139

moderate brain injury

Back 139

brain injury that is associated with confusion or disorientation may experience cognitive, physical and psychological deficiets which may last weeks to months or may be permanent. (behavior has changed, argumentative resistant, finding fault, missing things and blaming other people)

Front 140

severe brain injury

Back 140

brain injury coma for an extended period of time, unresponsive

Front 141

when TBI occur and people get better they still may suffer from these conditions :

Back 141

post-traumatic epilepsy- brain doesn’t have control
post-traumatic hydrocephalus

Front 142

post-traumatic hydrocephalus

Back 142

characterized by overproduction of cerebral spinal fluid or interference with reabsorption of cerebral spinal fluid

Front 143

ataxia

Back 143

experiencing problems with muscle coordination which affects balance, causing them to walk with unsteady gait or to lurch from side to side. With upper extremity may have difficulty grasping items

Front 144

dyskinesia

Back 144

characterized by abnormal movements

Front 145

dystonia

Back 145

abnormal muscle tone

Front 146

flaccidyity

Back 146

decreases the ability to move (too little tone)

Front 147

spacticity

Back 147

too much muscle tone that heightens reflexes or exacerbates abnormal movement

Front 148

apraxia

Back 148

loss in ability to organize and sequence specific muscle movements to perform a task. they are aware of what they want to do and how to do it but are unable to organize their muscle movements despite physical ability to do so

Front 149

agnosia

Back 149

loss of comprehension of sensations, lose the ability to recognize familiar things such as words faces or objects. ex: coffee mug, coffee, feet

Front 150

agnosignosia

Back 150

one-sided or unilateral neglect, in which body parts or objects on one side the body are ignored ( shave one side of face or put on one shoe)

Front 151

diplopia

Back 151

double vision

Front 152

hemianopsia

Back 152

loss in vision in half the visual field may have trouble seeing the other half of the dinner table

Front 153

sensorineural hearing loss

Back 153

as with vision even though ear has been injured directly hearing deficits may be present if the area of the brain responsible for receiving, perceiving, or interpreting sound has been injured

Front 154

paresthesia

Back 154

abnormal sensations, such as tingling or burning in various locations of the body

Front 155

anosmia

Back 155

no sense of smell

Front 156

dysphagia

Back 156

difficulty swallowing, and difficulty chewing

Front 157

speech

Back 157

physical ability to produce sounds or movement of the lips

Front 158

articulation

Back 158

position and placement of the tongue and muscles of the palate necessary to enunciate words and sentences

Front 159

apraxia of speech

Back 159

loss in ability to plan organize and execute learned movement smoothly that is necessary for speech thereby affecting clarity of speech even though there is no muscle weakness or paralysis

Front 160

language

Back 160

words gestures and other symbols put together to convey and understand concepts

Front 161

aphasia

Back 161

inability or decreased ability to communicate through speech

Front 162

paraphrasia

Back 162

difficulty finding words they want to say

Front 163

paraphasia

Back 163

spoken words or written words that are jumbled because of brain damage

Front 164

confabulation

Back 164

may make up answers to questions or make up situations or events

Front 165

subluxation

Back 165

separation of the arm from the shoulder joint

Front 166

hemiplegia

Back 166

paralysis on one side of the body

Front 167

anoxia

Back 167

When there is no oxygen averrable for the brain. Brain tissue can be permanently damaged, resulting in neurological manifestations.

Front 168

non traumatic brain injuries

Back 168

conditions that restrict blood flow and oxygen flow to the brain causing damage to brain tissue. (choking, near-drowning, carbon monoxide poisoning, infections such as meningitis, encephalitis, ruptured of weakened blood vessels, congenital structural aberrations, most common, : stroke

Front 169

stroke CVA cerebral vascular accident

Back 169

caused by an insufficient flow of oxygen to the brain and blood. related to other diseases such as cardiac disease and arteriosclerosis and hypertension

Front 170

risk factors for stroke are:

Back 170

obesity. smoking, physical inactivity, heavy alcohol use, and use of illicit drugs, especially cocaine, and amphetamines

Front 171

ischemic stroke

Back 171

occasion of blood vessels that diminishes blood flow to the brain tissue

Front 172

hemorrhagic stroke

Back 172

occurs because of rupture of blood vessel in brain

Front 173

arteriosclerosis

Back 173

ischemic vascular disease hardening of the arteries

Front 174

hypertension

Back 174

high blood pressure

Front 175

infarction

Back 175

death of brain tissue

Front 176

causes of infarction

Back 176

thrombus, cerebral thrombosis, embolism

Front 177

thrombus

Back 177

blood clott

Front 178

cerebral thrombosis

Back 178

blocks blood flow to an area of the brain preventing brain tissue from obtaining needed oxygen.

Front 179

embolism

Back 179

clot has formed in another part of the body breaks free and travels through the blood vessels to the brain lodging in one of the cerebral arteries (can be a globule)

Front 180

hypoxia

Back 180

too little oxygen in blood supply for brain to function

Front 181

transient ischemic attacks

Back 181

mild stroke

Front 182

subarachnoid space

Back 182

space fileld with cerebral spoinal fluid

Front 183

aneurysm

Back 183

thin walled outpouching protrudes from blood vessel, cause no manifestations until they burst

Front 184

edematous

Back 184

swelling of the brain

Front 185

leading cause of incapacitation

Back 185

stroke

Front 186

two chronic conditions that lead to stroke

Back 186

hypertension and diabetes

Front 187

causes of hemorrhagic stroke

Back 187

uncontrolled hypertension, aneurysm, alterovenous malformation, aortic stroke.

Front 188

alexia

Back 188

difficulty reading

Front 189

agraphia

Back 189

difficulty writing

Front 190

most common place to have a stroke

Back 190

middle cerebral artery

Front 191

least common place to have a stroke

Back 191

anterior cerebral artery

Front 192

atherosclerosis-

Back 192

blockages, created by lipids and cholesterol build up on arteries- called atheroma- soft on the inside hard on the outside. blood hits the atheroma and it gets bigger and the artery becomes more narrow. Aspirin breaks down atheroma and makes the artery wider

Front 193

global aphasia

Back 193

difficulty to severe communicating and understanding language written or spoken

Front 194

dysarthria

Back 194

coordination and accuracy of movement of the muscles, lips, tongue, or other parts of speech mechanisms may be impaired secondary to weakness or paralysis of muscles needed to speak

Front 195

aphasia-

Back 195

the inability to transmit / to understand verbal or written language. Two categories: (expressive or motor) fluent (receptive or sensory)

Front 196

broca’s aphasia-

Back 196

type of confluent aphasia characterized by articulation problems, hesitancy, and reduced vocabulary and grammar

Front 197

issues associated with left brain damage

Back 197

right sided and sensory paralysis, may interfere with ability to comprehend and use language, problems with both understanding and speaking
tends to be slow hesitant anxious disorganized especially with new or unfamiliar situations (language center normally in left hemisphere of the brain left sided stroke may mess with the use of language)

Front 198

issues associated with right side brain damages

Back 198

left sided motor and sensory paralysis
visual perception loss or visual motor integration affects spatial/ perceptual function
problem with memory- short term memory
diminished self awareness
difficulty decoding nonverbal cues. (when it gets to two o' clock and he stands up we shut up)

Front 199

contracture

Back 199

soft tissue fusion, resulting in loss of range of motion or fixed deformity of the joint

Front 200

lability

Back 200

emotional instability, loss of emotional control. part of the hypothalamus that was injured issued. crying when things are funny, laughing when serious

Front 201

ADL

Back 201

activites of daily living (feeding yourself, personal care

Front 202

iADL

Back 202

instrumental activities of daily living (driving a car)

Front 203

epilepsy

Back 203

not a single condition, but rather a term used to describe a group of conditions that occur in conjunction with disruption of electrical activity in the brain which intern affects consciousness movement or actions through a seizure.

Front 204

seizure

Back 204

temporary loss of control over certain functions. sign you have epilepsy. lose temporary or complete consciousness

Front 205

Intrinsic factors relating to seizure

Back 205

recurrent, unprovoked seizures.

Front 206

extrinsic factors relating to seizure

Back 206

happens outside the brain
unprovoked- can not predict it

Front 207

aura

Back 207

warning sign before a seizure

Front 208

two classifications of seizures

Back 208

generalized, partial

Front 209

manifestations of generalized seizures

Back 209

tonic phase- body rigidity, then muscles enter clonic state where the body undergoes rapid jerky movements

Front 210

absence seizures

Back 210

most commonly experienced by children
brief blank or staring spells and loss of awareness

Front 211

simple partial seizures

Back 211

nerve cells discharge in an isolated part of the brain, partial seizures occur.

Front 212

focal seizures

Back 212

no loss of consciousness and manifestations are very localized depending on part of brain affected : jacksonian seizure starts with convulsions on one or part of the body

Front 213

complex partial seizures

Back 213

loss of awareness in surroundings

Front 214

status epilepticus

Back 214

seizures prolonged or in rapid succession without fill recovery of consciousness between seizures medical emergency that can be life threatening. grand mal seizures do not end, oxygen stops theoccurrence of seizures

Front 215

detecting seizures

Back 215

extensive physical examination
blood tests
electroencephalography (EEG)
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

Front 216

titrate-

Back 216

to get the right amount of certain drugs, the doctor has to titrate them. specific to each person

Front 217

Meningitis

Back 217

inflammation of the meninges ( membranes surrounding brain and spinal cord)
caused by bacteria, viruses, other organisms
many types exist. confirmation by lumbar puncture (spinal tap)
individuals acutely ill with fever and flu like manifestations

Front 218

Encephalitis

Back 218

inflammation of brain due to direct invasion of organism
caused by endemic virus secondary to another infection
no adequate intervention to manage encephalitis
children and older most susceptible

Front 219

Sleep apnea-

Back 219

disturbed sleep resulting in significant daytime sleepiness
frequent episodes of apnea (cessation of breathing) during sleep

Front 220

two types of sleep apnea

Back 220

obstructive and central

Front 221

Narcolepsy

Back 221

neurological sleep disorder involving central nervous system linked to disruption of sleep control mechanisms
episodes of excessive sleepiness and uncontrollable sleep during the day
physcial, psychosocial and vocational implications can be devastating

Front 222

paraparesis

Back 222

partial paralysis and indicates that some function remains below the level of injury

Front 223

Spinal Cord transmits

Back 223

electrical messages to and from the brain that facilitate motor, sensory, or autonomic function

Front 224

Most common cause of altered function of the spinal cord:

Back 224

direct injury from motor vehicle accidents most common (young men)
risk taking behavior (sports activities)

Front 225

complete spinal cord injury

Back 225

total severance of spinal cord
no nerve function below level of injury ( motor sensory and autonomic)
no voluntary motor or sensory function exists below that level

Front 226

incomplete spinal cord injury

Back 226

severence not complete
some motor or sensory functions below level of injury

Front 227

General function implications of traumatic spinal cord injury

Back 227

pulmonary function- (phrenic nerve)
ambulation means walking. high level lesion loses the ability to walk, cervical area inability to walk.
bladder and bowel control sexual function and fertility (neurogenic bladder, no control)
sexual function and fertility- women can have children

Front 228

spinal cord injury dealing with Cervical level (c1_c8)

Back 228

results in quadriplegia (paralysis of both upper and lower extremities)

Front 229

spinal cord injuries with c1-c4

Back 229

respiratory assistance with mechanical respiratory device or ventilator
will require assistance from others for self care

Front 230

spinal cord injuries with c5

Back 230

some gross movement of upper extremities

Front 231

spinal cord injury with c-6

Back 231

gross motor movement of upper extremities; independence in self-care

Front 232

spinal cord injury c-7

Back 232

almsot total independence with some adaptations in environment

Front 233

spinal cord injury with c8

Back 233

some sensation in hands; may become totally independent

Front 234

T-1 or lower injury

Back 234

result in paraplegia (paralysis of lower extremities), upper extremities for most part unimpaired
able to attain total independence in self-care, wheelchair ambulation, and transfer

Front 235

injury with Lumbar Level (L1_L15)

Back 235

Many muscles of mobility intact
all upper body muscles and many leg muscles functional
ambulation with braces, cane, or crutches.

Front 236

Sacral Level (S1-S4)

Back 236

in most instances, individuals able to recover most perjury function

Front 237

define ambulation

Back 237

walking

Front 238

paraplegia

Back 238

paralysis of lower extremities

Front 239

osteoporosis

Back 239

becomes spongelike calcium leaves bones

Front 240

quadrapelegia

Back 240

involvement in lower extremeties

Front 241

what are decubitus ulcers

Back 241

bed sores, pressure sores

Front 242

autonomic dysreflexia

Back 242

medical emergency, produces a change in heart rate. laying down causes hypertension sitting up drains the brain. can lead to stroke

Front 243

necrosis

Back 243

skin tissue death

Front 244

thrombophlebitis

Back 244

formation of blood clots in the legs

Front 245

pulmonary embolism

Back 245

a blood clot that travels to the lungs

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orthostatic hypotension

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a condition in which the blood pressure becomes significantly lower with the individual moves from flat position to an upright position, which result in manifestations such as dizziness or fainting

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syncope

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dizziness or fainting

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pyelonephritis

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infection of the kidney

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septicemia

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infection of blood

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renal calculi

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kidney stones

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ureters

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tubes leading to the kidneys

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urinary reflux

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causing urine to back up to the kidneys

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impaction

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poop that becomes hardened and is unable to be evacuated

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paralytic ileus

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intestine ceases to function

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diaphoresis

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profuse sweating

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paresthesia

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abnormal painful sensation below level of injury