Disease 4.1.1

Front 1

Lysis

Back 1

Breaking down of the membrane of a cell.

Hint 1

"Splitting"

Front 2

Direct Transmission

Back 2

Occurs when there is direct contact between infected person and succeptible person.

Hint 2

An example of this is Bodily Fluids

Front 3

Indirect Transmission

Back 3

Disease is passed on with no direct contact.

Hint 3

An example is droplets.

Front 4

Pathogen

Back 4

An organism which causes disease.

Front 5

Mast Cells

Back 5

Located in damaged tissues and release histamines and cytokines.

Hint 5

Releases two products, a chemical and a protein.

Front 6

Histamines

Back 6

Make blood vessels dilate causing localised heat, redness and swelling which prevents pathogen reproduction.

Hint 6

Often causes a fever.

Front 7

Cytokines

Back 7

Attract phagocytes for phagocytosis of pathogens.

Hint 7

Leads to pathogen ingestion.

Front 8

Terpanoids

Back 8

Antibacterial and antifungal properties as a plant chemical defence

Hint 8

Properties which form a defence.

Front 9

Alakoids

Back 9

Bitter tasting which prevents herbivores feeding on them and therefore reduces exposure to pathogens via grazing

Hint 9

Composition creates an interesting taste.

Front 10

Phagocytes

Back 10

Specialised white blood cells.

Front 11

Neutrophil

Back 11

Type of phagocyte that engulfs and destroys pathogens, has a multi-lobed nucleus that allows it to fit through small gaps.

Hint 11

Modified white blood cell.

Front 12

Macrophage

Back 12

Type of white blood cell and more specifically a type of phagocyte that destroys pathgoens and presents the antigen on their cell surface membrane to form an antigen presenting cell.

Hint 12

Uses pathogens "weapon" against them.

Front 13

Phagosome

Back 13

When the cell membrane of a phagocyte fuses around the pathogen engulfing it into a vesicle

Hint 13

First product of Phagocytosis

Front 14

Phagolysosomes

Back 14

Lysosome fuses with the vacuole and empties its digestive enzymes to digest microorganisms.

Hint 14

Product after a Phagosome.

Front 15

MHC Complex

Back 15

Occurs when a macrophage digests a pathogen and combines the pathogens antigen with a glycoprotein to form the major histocompatibility complex (MHC). The macrophage becomes an antigen presenting cell.

Hint 15

The process by which a macrophage becomes an antigen presenting cell.

Front 16

The Specific Immune Response

Back 16

Based on WBCs called Lymphocytes, B Lymphocytes mature in the Bone marrow, T Lmphocytes mature in the Thymus. The Specific Immune Response is much slower than a Non-Specific Immune Response.

Front 17

(Non-Specific) Cell Mediated Immunity

Back 17

Macrophages engulf and digest pathogens and form APC, Receptors on T Helper cell are complementary to the antigen and so T Helper cells produce interleukins which stimulate more T cells to divide, Cloned T Cells may then: Develop into T Memory Cells; Produce interleukins to stimulate more B Cell division; Produce interleukins to stimulate phagocytosis; Stimulate the development of T Killer cells that are specific for that antigen.

Front 18

(Specific) Humoral Immunity

Back 18

Activated T Helper cell binds to B cell APC (Clonal selection) and the interleukins produced activate the B cells, Activated B cell divides to make clones of plasma and B memory cells (Clonal expansion), Plasma cells produce antibodies specific toantigen (Primary immune response), Some cloned B cells develop into B Memory cells which divide rapidly on reinfection with the same pathogen and produce the correct antibody (Secondary immune response).

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Immune Response Summary

Back 19

Front 20

Antigen

Back 20

A protein on the surface of a pathogen, Initiates an immune response by causing antibody production.

Front 21

Antibody

Back 21

Protein made by a B Lymphocyte in response to an antigen.

Front 22

Structure of an Anitbody

Back 22

Front 23

Opsonins

Back 23

Antibodies that bind to Antigens and act as markers for Phagocytes.

Hint 23

Type of Antibody.

Front 24

Agglutins

Back 24

Bind to antigens and cause clumping – prevents them entering body cells.

Hint 24

Type of Antibody.

Front 25

Anti-toxins

Back 25

Bind to toxins to prevent harm to human cells. Phagocytes then engulf the ‘toxin-antibody’ complexes.

Hint 25

Type of Antibody.

Front 26

Primary and Secondary Response.

Back 26

Front 27

Active Immunity

Back 27

This happens naturally when a pathogen enters your body e.g If you have measles as a child it is unlikely that you will have it again. Your immune system makes its own antibodies after being stimulated by antigen.

Front 28

Passive Immunity

Back 28

This happens naturally when babies drink their mothers milk or antibodies are passed to the foetus through the placenta. You are given entibodies rather than producing them on your own.

Front 29

Autoimmune Disease

Back 29

Sometimes an organs immune system is unable to recognise its own cells and it launches an immune response on the organisms own tissues.

Front 30

Herd Immunity

Back 30

Where unvaccinated people are protected because the occurrence of the disease is reduced by the number of people who are vaccinated.

Front 31

Antigenic Variability

Back 31

The antigens of some pathogens are constantly changing. Each antigen causes its own immune response.

Front 32

Reasons for Immunisation

Back 32

Direct effects on health, reduces the number of deaths, reduces the days lost at work which benefits the economy, it costs more to treat an ill person than to vaccinate someone.

Front 33

Causes of Antibiotic Resistance.

Back 33

Overuse of antibiotics, Not finishing a course of antibiotics, Taking antibiotics when you don’t need them.

Front 34

Bacterial Resitance to Anitbiotics

Back 34

A mutation occurs in some bacteria which gives them a resistance to the antibiotic, bacteria that are not resistant die, bacteria with resistance survive, surviving bacteria reproduce passing the resistance gene on, eventually the entire population is resistant.

Front 35

Vaccine

Back 35

Stimulating an immune response so that immunity is achieved, usually a dead or weakened pathogen or an antigen.

Front 36

Immunisation

Back 36

The process whereby a person is made immune or resistant to an infectious disease, typically by the administration of a vaccine.

Front 37

Pharmacogenetics

Back 37

By testing people’s genomes it is now possible to detect whether or not a drug will work.