Digestive System Part 4

Front 1

what does the liver help to do to blood glucose levels?

Back 1

raise and lower the blood glucose

Front 2

the liver raises/lowers blood glucose in response to what?

Back 2

insulin and glucagon by converting liver glycogen to glucose to use for energy and storing glucose as liver glycogen for later use

Front 3

the liver also functions in fat synthesis. what does that mean?

Back 3

converts excess carbs and proteins into fats

Front 4

the liver also functions in protein synthesis. what does that mean?

Back 4

makes plasma proteins, some antibodies, and urea

Front 5

what does the liver store?

Back 5

vitamins and iron

Front 6

liver destroys old red blood cells using macrophages called what?

Back 6

kupffer cells

Front 7

how does the liver detoxify the blood?

Back 7

removing or metabolizing certain medications, drugs, and alcohol

Front 8

what does the liver produce?

Back 8

bile

Front 9

what does the bile in the liver do?

Back 9

emulsify (mix) fats so they can be digested

Front 10

the liver is divided into how many lobes?

Back 10

2 primary lobes

2 accessory lobes

Front 11

what are the two primary lobes?

Back 11

a) right

b) left

Front 12

what are the two accessory lobes?

Back 12

a) caudate

b) quadrate

Front 13

where is the liver primarily located:

a) LUQ

b) RUQ

c) LLQ

d) RLQ

Back 13

B; right upper quadrant

Front 14

the liver has smaller lobules, what is the structure of these lobules?

Back 14

a) contains central vein

b) portal venule

c) hepatic (portal) arteriole

d) bile duct

Front 15

what does the central vein drain into?

Back 15

drains into hepatic vein

Front 16

the portal venule, hepatic (portal) arteriole, and bile duct are grouped together called?

Back 16

called a triad

Front 17

a) between the triad and portal venule, there are cells called what?

b) how are they arranged?

Back 17

a) hepatocytes

b) arranged in plates

Front 18

bile canaliculus function

Back 18

a small canal for transport of bile to the bile duct

Front 19

sinusoids function

Back 19

transport blood from portal venule to central vein

Front 20

nutrients are deposited into what?

Back 20

hepatocytes

Front 21

Kupffer cells function

Back 21

a) lines sinusoids

b) phagocytizing debris

c) "cleaning" blood

Front 22

bile's color

Back 22

a) yellowish-green alkaline liquid

Front 23

where is bile produced and stored?

Back 23

produced in liver and stored in gallbladder

Front 24

liver produced how much bile each day (in milliliters)?

Back 24

about 800 - 1000 ml

Front 25

composition of bile

Back 25

a) bile salts

b) bile pigments

c) cholesterol

Front 26

bile salts are active or inactive?

Back 26

active; only active "ingredient"

Front 27

gall bladder structure

Back 27

sac-like organ attached to inferior surface of liver

Front 28

what does the gall bladder store?

Back 28

stores and concentrates bile

Front 29

the release of bile is stimulated by what hormone from duodenum?

Back 29

cholecystokinin (CCK)

Front 30

pathway of bile

Back 30

a) bile released from liver hepatocytes

b) travels through bile canaliculi

c) bile moves to edge of liver lobule
d) passes into (small) bile ducts

e) bile empties into left and right hepatic ducts

f) drains into common hepatic duct

g) goes into common bile duct

h) into hepatopancreatic ampulla

i) goes through sphincter of Oddi

j) into the duodenum

Front 31

common hepatic duct

Back 31

combination of left or right hepatic ducts from liver to common bile duct

Front 32

cystic duct

Back 32

leads from gall bladder to common bile duct

Front 33

common bile duct

Back 33

combination of cystic duct from gall bladder and common hepatic duct from liver

Front 34

hepatopancreatic ampulla

Back 34

location where pancreatic duct from liver; opens into duodenum through sphincter of Oddi

Front 35

metabolism

Back 35

nutrients are changed chemically and used either anabolically or catabolically to support life processes

Front 36

calories per gram from carbohydrates

Back 36

4 cal. per gram

Front 37

calories per gram from proteins

Back 37

4 cal. per gram

Front 38

calories per gram from lipids/fats

Back 38

9.5 cal. per gram

Front 39

the vitamin that can be synthesized by the body in sufficient amounts?

Back 39

vitamin D

Front 40

fat soluble vitamins

Back 40

D, K, A, and E

Front 41

water soluble vitamins

Back 41

B and C

Front 42

vitamin K

Back 42

contained in food or produced by intestinal bacteria; important for formation of blood-clotting proteins

Front 43

vitamin A

Back 43

required for proper vision, mucus production, and teeth & bone production

Front 44

vitamin E

Back 44

helps maintain healthy skin and acts as an important antioxidant

Front 45

vitamin B

Back 45

essential for normal metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins; includes thiamine, niacin, riboflavin, folic acid, etc.

Front 46

vitamin C

Back 46

necessary for production of collagen in skin, iron absorption from digestive tract, and some hormone production; also known as ascorbic acid