Digestive System Connect

Front 1

When swallowing, a bolus of food moves from the mouth into the ___ before reaching the esophagus

Back 1

Pharynx

Front 2

List Some functions of the oral cavity

Back 2

Respiration, speech, and ingestion

Front 3

List, in order, the segments of the small intestine

Back 3

Duodenum > Jejunem > Ileum

Front 4

Name the term that means pertaining to the liver

Back 4

Hepatic

Front 5

Name the liver function that contributes to the process of digestion

Back 5

Secretion of Bile

Front 6

The portion of the tooth that is exposed from the gum, that you can see is known as the ___ of the tooth

Back 6

Crown

Front 7

The ___ of a tooth is the hard noncellular secretion that covers the crown and the neck

Back 7

Enamel

Front 8

match the pancreatic enzyme with its substrate

Back 8

Deoxyribonuclease: Dna
Amlyase : Starch
lipase: Fats
Ribonuclease: RNA
Trypsin: Proteins

Front 9

List the purposes for small intestinal muscle contractions:

Back 9

Increase contact of chyme with intestinal lining, mixing of chyme with secretions, and propel contents along intestines

Front 10

___ and ___ are absorbed into blood. ___ are absorbed into lymph.

Back 10

Protein and carbohydrates; Lipids

Front 11

The __ cells are mucus-secreting cells in the epithelium of the intestine

Back 11

goblet

Front 12

List in order the passage of bile from its point of secretion in the liver to the duodenum

Back 12

Bile canaliculi, bile dectules, hepatic ducts, common hepatic duct, and bile duct

Front 13

Name the three phases of gastric regulation

Back 13

Cephalic phase. Gastric phase. Intestinal phase.

Front 14

List the pancreatic enzymes that digest protein

Back 14

Carboxypeptidase, trypsin, and chymotrypsin

Front 15

of the four tissue layers forming the wall of the alimentary canal, the layer indicated in the figure is the

Back 15

mucosa

Front 16

The ___ ___ does not secrete digestive enzymes, but does absorb water and electrolytes

Back 16

large intestine

Front 17

As a group, the parotid, submandibular, and sublingual glands are ___ salivary glands

Back 17

extrinsic

Front 18

The ___ is an accessory organ of the digestive system that is both an endocrine and exocrine gland

Back 18

pancreas

Front 19

Name the pancreatic secretion that is needed to neutralize the acid in the chyme arriving in the duodenum

Back 19

Sodium Bicarbonate

Front 20

The selective intake of food is known as ______.

Back 20

ingestion

Front 21

Describe the functions of the large intestine

Back 21

No digestion; water and electrolyte absorption

Front 22

Name the process of forcefully ejecting stomach or intestinal contents via the esophagus and mouth

Back 22

vomiting

Front 23

The enzyme ____ _____ begins starch digestion in the mouth

Back 23

salivary amylase

Front 24

Proteins and carbohydrates are absorbed into _____. Lipids are absorbed into ______.

Back 24

blood; lymph

Front 25

List some components of bile

Back 25

bile acids, phospholipids, bile pigments, cholesterol

Front 26

match the protease with its action

Back 26

Aminopeptidase: removes amino acids from the -NH2 end of amino acid chain
Carboxypeptidase: removes amino acids from the COOH end of amino acid chain
Dipeptidase: Spilts a chain of two amino acids
Pepsin: protein digestion in stomach

Front 27

The ___ is sac on the underside of the liver that serves to store and concentrate bile

Back 27

gallbladder

Front 28

Describe Bilirubin

Back 28

A bile pigment

Front 29

_____ functions to moisten the mouth, digest a little starch and fat, clean the teeth, inhibit bacterial growth, dissolve molecules so they can stimulate the taste buds, moisten food and bind particles together to aid in swallowing

Back 29

Saliva

Front 30

The ___ and ___ work together to retain food and push it between the teeth for chewing. They are also essential for speech, sucking, and blowing actions

Back 30

lips and cheeks

Front 31

The semi-liquid mixture of partially digested food within the stomach known as ____

Back 31

chyme

Front 32

Of the four tissue layers forming the alimentary canal, the innermost tissue layer is called the:

Back 32

Mucosa

Front 33

List the blood vessels that carry blood to the liver

Back 33

Hepatic portal vein and hepatic artery

Front 34

___ is the enzyme that digests lipids. It has lingual, gastric and pancreatic forms.

Back 34

Lipase

Front 35

Name the process by which large drops of fats are broken apart into smaller fat droplets

Back 35

emulsification

Front 36

List the components of intestinal juice secreted by the intestinal crypts

Back 36

mucus and water

Front 37

Gastric activity is moderated by the activity of the duodenum during ___ phase of gastric function

Back 37

intestinal

Front 38

Name the predominant type of muscle contraction occurring in the stomach

Back 38

Peristalsis

Front 39

The hormone produced by enteroendocrine G cells that stimulates stomach HCL and enzyme activity is called :

Back 39

Gastrin

Front 40

List the substances absorbed from the stomach

Back 40

Aspirin and lipid soluble drugs

Front 41

The tongue muscles that originate outside of the tongue but act upon it are called ____ muscles

Back 41

Extrinsic

Front 42

The posterior third of the tongue known as the __ of the tongue

Back 42

root

Front 43

Enzymes that are secreted as inactive proteins are known as ____

Back 43

Zymogens

Front 44

Name the function of pepsin

Back 44

Protein digestion in stomach

Front 45

List some of the functions of stomach acid

Back 45

Activate pepsin and lingual lipase
Destroy Pathogens
Denature proteins in food

Front 46

The stimulus for __ reflex is stretching of the rectum

Back 46

defecation

Front 47

Of the two anal sphincters, the __ anal sphincter is under voluntary control and the ___ is under involuntary control

Back 47

External; Internal

Front 48

Water is absorbed through the process of ____ , following the absorption of salts and organic nutrients

Back 48

osmosis

Front 49

match the gastric cell types with their function

Back 49

Parietal cells: Secrete hydrochloric acid
Enteroendocrine cells: Secretes paracrine compounds
Chief Cells: secrete pepsinogen
Mucous cells: Secrete mucus

Front 50

The hormone __ is released in response to fats in the small intestine and has the effect of stimulating gallbladder contraction (discharging the bile needed to digest the fats)

Back 50

cholecystokinin

Front 51

The hormone secretin stimulates the pancreas to secrete a solution high in:

Back 51

sodium bicarbonate

Front 52

The hormone ___ is secreted by the small intestine in response to the presence of acidic chyme

Back 52

Secretin

Front 53

The study of the digestive tract and the diagnosis and treatment of its disorders is called

Back 53

Gastroenterology

Front 54

Describe chemical digestion in the stomach

Back 54

Partial digestion of both protein and fat can occur in the stomach

Front 55

The classes of nutrients called ___ and ___ are absorbed without being digested

Back 55

Vitamins and minerals

Front 56

Name the classes of nutrients that are absorbed without being digested

Back 56

Vitamins and minerals

Front 57

The ____ ____ of the ventral mesentery extends from the stomach to the liver

Back 57

lesser omentum

Front 58

Describe the source of secretin and cholecystokinin

Back 58

Duodenal enteroendocrine cells

Front 59

Gastric secretion in response to the sight, smell, taste or thought of food occurs during the ___ phase of gastric function

Back 59

Cephalic

Front 60

The stomach receives ____ stimulation via the vagus nerve. This innervation stimulates stomach function

Back 60

parasympathetic

Front 61

An enzyme called gastric lipase digests ____ in the stomach of infants

Back 61

fats

Front 62

bacterial flora refers to the many species of bacteria residing in our ____.

Back 62

large intestine

Front 63

State the term used to specify the part of the large intestine that excludes the cecum, rectum, and anal canal

Back 63

Colon

Front 64

The portion of the stomach between the fundus and the pyloric region is known as the _____

Back 64

body

Front 65

The rhythmic, wave-like contraction of the smooth muscles of the digestive tract is known as _____

Back 65

peristalsis

Front 66

Describe the uvula

Back 66

Projection from posterior margin of soft palate

Front 67

Name the function of the bile components lecithin and bile acids

Back 67

Fat Digestion

Front 68

The enzymes that hydrolyzes nucleic acids into nucleotides are called _____

Back 68

Nucleases

Front 69

Define Retroperitoneal

Back 69

located outside the peritoneal cavity

Front 70

The term bacterial ____ is the collective name for the many species of bacteria residing in the large intestine

Back 70

flora

Front 71

State another name for the process of chewing

Back 71

mastication

Front 72

list the pancreatic zymogens

Back 72

Chymotrypsinogen, procarboxypeptidase, and trypsinogen

Front 73

Describe the mesocolon

Back 73

Mesentery suspending the transverse colon

Front 74

List some secretions from enteroendocrine cells of the gastric glands

Back 74

gastrin, histamine, and somatostatin

Front 75

Describe the enterogastric reflex

Back 75

Signals from the intestine regulate stomach function

Front 76

Which are components of gastric juice?

Back 76

Hydrochloric acid, water, lipase, and pepsin

Front 77

The fringe of microvilli on the apical surface of an epithelial cell which serves to increase surface area for absorption is also known as the ____ ____

Back 77

Brush Border

Front 78

Describe the type of motility called segmentation

Back 78

Non-migrating constriction at several places along intestine

Front 79

List examples of processes involving digestion

Back 79

Mechanical breakdown of food, chemical breakdown of food, and HCL mixing with bolus of food

Front 80

The filling of the stomach initiates motility of the colon via the ___ reflex

Back 80

gastrocolic

Front 81

Name the pancreatic secretion that is needed to neutralize the acid in the chyme arriving in the duodenum

Back 81

Sodium Bicarbonate

Front 82

The ___ of the pancreas secrete sodium bicarbonate, while the ____ of the pancreas secrete digestive enzymes

Back 82

Duct Cells; acinar cells

Front 83

The ____ nuclei of the brainstem receives signals from tactile, pressure, and taste receptors in the mouth that are stimulated by food

Back 83

Salivatory

Front 84

List the three layers of the muscularis externa of the stomach

Back 84

longitudinal, oblique, and circular

Front 85

short(myenteric) reflexes involve the ____ nerve plexus of the enteric nervous system

Back 85

myenteric

Front 86

List example of hormones produced by the digestive tract

Back 86

secretin, cholecystokinin, and gastrin

Front 87

muscular contractions called ____ involve alternating ring like constrictions at several places along the intestine

Back 87

segmentation

Front 88

The ___ gland is located just beneath the skin anterior to the earlobe

Back 88

parotid

Front 89

Absorption of iron requires the transport proteins called:

Back 89

Transferrin

Front 90

The nutrients ____ and ____ are partially digested by chemicals in the stomach

Back 90

Triglycerides
Protein

Front 91

the layer of the digestive tract wall outer layer

Back 91

muscularis externa

Front 92

The hormone ___ has a strong stimulatory effect on the gallbladder

Back 92

cholecystokinin

Front 93

List the mechanisms that protect the stomach lining from the acidic environment

Back 93

tight junctions between epithelial cells, mucous coat, epithelial cell replacement

Front 94

The portion of the stomach between the fundus and the pyloric region is known as the ____

Back 94

Body

Front 95

Describe the long reflexes that aid in regulation of the digestive tract

Back 95

Involves vagus nerve and brainstem

Front 96

List mechanisms for absorption for monosaccharides

Back 96

Facilitated diffusion, sodium-glucose transporters, and solvent drag

Front 97

The large intestines begin with a pouch inferior to the ileocecal valve that is known as the

Back 97

Cecum

Front 98

describe function of intrinsic factor

Back 98

Transport and absorption of vitamin b12

Front 99

List examples of how the digestive system mechanically digests materials

Back 99

churning of stomach, segmentation, and chewing

Front 100

The muscular band that regulates the passage of chyme from the stomach to the duodenum is the ___ Sphincter

Back 100

Pyloric

Front 101

The ___ valve is at the junction of the small intestine to the large intestine

Back 101

ileocecal

Front 102

The ___ and anal canal are the portions of the large intestine that are located in the pelvic cavity

Back 102

rectum

Front 103

Digestion of starch by amylase results in the production of

Back 103

maltose

Front 104

The mucosa of the colon has _____ ____ epithelium

Back 104

simple columnar

Front 105

Define absorption

Back 105

uptake of nutrient molecules from digestive tract into blood or lymph

Front 106

The upper ___ ___ is formed by the inferior pharyngeal constrictors

Back 106

esophageal sphincter

Front 107

A typical meal is emptied from the stomach within ____ Hours

Back 107

four

Front 108

The ___ colon is the s-shaped portion of the large intestine located in the lower left quadrant

Back 108

sigmoid

Front 109

The ___ nervous system is comprised of the submucosal and myenteric plexuses

Back 109

enteric

Front 110

Minerals in the diet are absorbed from the ____ ____

Back 110

??

Front 111

Describe the lesser curvature of the stomach

Back 111

medial superior margin from esophagus to duodenum

Front 112

the blood-filled channels between the layers of hepatocytes in the liver are called hepatic

Back 112

sinusoids

Front 113

Minerals in the diet are absorbed from the

Back 113

small intestine

Front 114

Four lobes of the liver

Back 114

left lobe,right lobe, quadrate lobe and caudate lobe

Front 115

the ____ ____ enzymes, found on the absorptive cell surfaces carry out the final stages of enzymatic digestion

Back 115

brush border

Front 116

The term ___ refers to the small fingerlike projections of the lining of the small intestine

Back 116

villi

Front 117

List the brush border enzymes that complete starch digestion

Back 117

dextrinase, glucoamylase, and maltase

Front 118

The ___ is a spongy retroperitoneal gland posterior to the greater curvature of the stomach

Back 118

pancreas

Front 119

list some components of saliva

Back 119

water, mucus, lysozyme, amylase and lipase

Front 120

Define buccal

Back 120

pertaining to cheeks or mouth

Front 121

the term ___ refers to the group of enzymes that digest proteins

Back 121

protease

Front 122

collectively, the teeth are known as the _____

Back 122

dentition

Front 123

the segment of the digestive tract found on the right side of the abdomen is the ___ colon

Back 123

ascending

Front 124

define deglutition

Back 124

swallowing

Front 125

bile acids are recycled from the liver to the small intestine and back via the ___ circulation

Back 125

enterohepatic

Front 126

The source of ____ ions of stomach acid is the dissociation of carbonic acid within parietal cells

Back 126

hydrogen

Front 127

___ is the inactive form of pepsin

Back 127

pepsinogen