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70 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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abdominal cavity |
contains GI tract beyond esophagus (stomach and intestines) |
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fascia |
layer of connective tissue covering muscle below peritoneum in abdominal cavity |
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greater omentum |
hanging sheet of mesentary (hangs from lower edge of stomach, covers small intestine) |
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mesentary |
two-layered sheet of peritoneum greater omentum and mesentary attached to small intestines to help hold them up |
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peritoneal cavity |
space in abdomen enclosed by peritoneum |
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peritoneum |
serous membrane that lines abdominal cavity |
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enteric nervous system |
distinct nervous system responsible for controlling smooth muscle in gut located in walls of GI tract responsible for peristalsis |
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gastrointestinal tract |
stomach, small intestine, large intestine |
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mucosa |
2 layers -thick, stratified epithelium with goblet cells -deeper layer with thin sheet of smooth muscle |
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muscularis externa |
2 layers of smooth muscle contract rapidly - peristalsis surrounded by serous membrane |
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smooth muscle patterns of movement |
peristalsis: wave of contraction shooting bolous of food down esophagus/GI tract segmentation: churning/grinding |
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amylase |
in saliva breaks down carbohydrates before they get to the stomach destroyed in stomach |
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esophagus |
-directly posterior to larynx -mucosa and muscularis externa |
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lower esophageal sphincter (LES) |
opens to let food into stomach prevents acid from shooting up esophagus |
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pharynx |
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anal sphincters |
internal and external |
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chyme |
food mixed with saliva from the mouth |
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lacteal |
lymph vessels into which tiny lipid droplets diffuse - carry them into lymphatic system (lymph ducts) |
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large intestine |
last part of GI tract chyme goes from ileum into large intestine rectangular shape digestion is bacterial main job is absorption of water muscularis externa has circular and longitudinal fibers, but longitudinal ones are collected into 3 bands called taenae colitension of these fibers pulls colon into bulges - haustra - variable-sized tube (can expand to store feces) no villi, abundant glands for mucus secretion |
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cecum |
receives chyme, from which hopefully almost all nutrients have been extracted, thru ileocecal valve |
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ascending colon |
right side of rectangle, first part is cecum digests things we can't |
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trasverse colon |
horizontal part of colon |
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descending colon |
after transverse colon |
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sigmoid colon |
before rectum |
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rectum |
has 2 sphincters to defecate |
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haustra |
as water is removed, chyme turned into feces, stored here |
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ilocecal valve |
sphincter valve that separates small and large intestine limits reflex into ileum |
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taenie coli |
muscularis externa has circular and longitudinal fibers, but longitudinal ones are collected into 3 bands called taenae colitension of these fibers pulls colon into bulges - haustra - variable-sized tube (can expand to store feces) |
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small intestinal mucosa |
highly specialized epithelium to absorb nutrients epithelium extends up into many tiny fingers called villi - purpose is to increase surface area in contact with chyme epithelial cells live 3-6 days |
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parts of small intestinal mucosa |
cyrpt: deep indentation b/t villi at bottom are germ-killing cells villi: purpose is to increase surface area in contact with chyme villi cover circular folds and valleys between folds, like grass on hills villi get taller in jejunum, then shorter, then disappear in ileum. also have goblet cells |
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more on small intestinal mucosa |
has epithelial cells that absorb nutrients (amino acids, simple sugars, lipid droplets; vitamins/minerals) from chyme and release into interstitial fluid, where they pass freely into capillaries |
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duodenum |
first part of small intestine shortest part circular folds that never get flattened out because duodenum not supposed to expand pH of 6 acid neutralization, some digestion, some absorption |
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jejeunum |
structure and function same as duodenum taller villi does most absorption |
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ileum |
last part - same structure and function shorter villi, eventually disappear longest part |
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chyle |
fatty lymph in lacteals that flows to venous system (subclavian vein) |
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circular folds |
increase surface area in small intestine for more chyme absorption never get flattened out |
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gastric juice |
hydrochloric acid and pepsin (enzyme that digests proteins) secreted by stomach (mucosa) |
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gastric gland |
deepest part of infolded mucosa cells here secrete gastric juice |
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gastric pit |
crevice in folded mucosa where gastric glands lie |
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mucosa of stomach |
inner layer of stomach has folds called rugae to allow stomach to expand |
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pepsin |
enzyme released in stomach to absorb proteins (part of gastric juice) comes from pre-cursor converted by HCl |
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pyloric sphincter |
lets chyme from stomach into small intestine doesn't let in much at a time powerful, made of smooth muscle |
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rugae |
ridges and folds in stomach mucosa that help stomach expand |
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bile |
needed for fat digestion, release into duodenum when needed emulsifies fat in small intestine - breaks down fat into tiny droplets which epithelial cells are able to take up and pass through into interstitial fluid |
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bile duct |
carries bile from gall bladder to duodenum |
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central vein |
in middle of liver lobule converge to carry blood out of liver into inferior vena cava |
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cholesterol |
small, high-density lipid packets repackaged and excreted in bile salts |
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cholesterol and fat particles |
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HDL |
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LDL |
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VLDL |
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chylomicron |
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gall bladder |
stores bile |
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hepatic portal system |
carries blood to liver from entire digestive track |
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hepatic triad |
hepatic portal vein (branch of) Hepatic artery (branch of) bile duct |
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hepatic portal vein (branch of) |
brings blood in product of superior mesentaric vein and splenic vein blood loaded with nutrients from small intestine (except for lipid) run with mesentaric arteries |
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hepatic artery proper (branch of) |
brings blood in |
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bile duct (branch of) |
bile out of gall bladder to duodenum |
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hepatocyte |
liver made up of hexagonal structures made of sheets of liver cells called hepatocytes nutrients absorbed into them, are processed: lipids, amino acids, sugars, also waste removal |
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liver lobule |
hexagonal structures in liver blood enters lobule by way of a portal triad |
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hepatopancreatic sphincter |
entry site to duodenum for bile and pancreatic juice |
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pancreatic juice |
has enzymes for digestion of: starch, protein, lipid, DNA/RNA has Na biocarbonate which lowers acidity |
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bariatric surgery |
install gastric band, tighten or loosen it to make stomach smaller roux-en-Y procedure problematic |
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cirrhosis of liver |
most common liver damage hepatocytes die are are replaced by fibrous scar tissue caused by excess alcohol consumption or Hep B/C |
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GERD (gastrointestinal reflux disease) |
stomach acid backing up into esophagus (acid reflex) can cause lesions of mucosa of esophagus - cancer possible |
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H. Pylori |
peptic ulcers occur usually due to too much acid in stomach and a bacterium called h. pylori - eats away at epithelial lining and causes ulcer |
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peptic ulcer |
most serious if acid continues eating through layers of stomach so that there's a hole and stomach acids leek into peritoneal cavity risk factors: tylonal, caffeine, alcohol |
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duodenal ulcer |
acid in chyme too high - shoots through pyloric sphincter more common than peptic ulcer |
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gastric ulcer |
ulcer in stomach (peptic ulcer) |
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small intestine |
main 2 functions: digestion and absorption 19.5 feet long |
