Developmental Psychology

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Mary Ainsworth

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Devised the "strange situation" to study attachment. Identified 3 main attachment types: insecure/avoidant (type A), secure attachment (type B), and insecure/resistant (type C).

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Diana Baumrind

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Studied the relationship between parental style and discipline. Three parenting styles: authoritarian, authoritative, and permissive.

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John Bowlby

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Studied attachment in institutionalized human children. Identified stages in the attachment process and the concept of separation anxiety.

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Naom Chomsky

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Linguist who suggested that children have an innate capacity for language acquisition. Language acquisition device = LAD. Nativist.

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Erik Erikson

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Outlined eight stages of psychosocial development covering the entire lifespan.

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Sigmund Freud

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Outlined five stages of psychosexual development; stressed the importance of the Oedipal conflict in psychosexual development. Other important terms: libido, fixation...

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Arnold Gesell

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Believed that development was due primarily to maturation (biology). Nativist, in contrast to behaviorists like John Watson.

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Carol Gilligan

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Suggested that males and females have different orientations toward morality.

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G. Stanley Hall

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The founder of developmental psychology. A founder of the American Psychological Association, and the founder of child and adolescent psychology.

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Harry Harlow

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Used rhesus monkeys and "surrogate mothers" to study the role of contact comfort in bond formation.

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Jerome Kagan

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Conducted landmark longitudinal study to examine developmental trajectories of children's temperament. Temperament a strong predictor of adult behaviors.

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Lawrence Kohlberg

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Studied moral development using moral dilemmas. Outlined 3 phases of moral development further divided into 6 stages. The Heinz Dilemma. Stages of gender development.

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John Locke

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British philosopher (empiricist) who suggested that infants had no predetermined tendencies, that they were blank slates (tabulas rasa) to be written on by experience.

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Konrad Lorenz

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Studied imprinting in birds.

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Jean Piaget

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Outlined four stages of cognitive development.

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Jean-Jacques Rousseau

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French philosopher who suggested that development could unfold without help from society. In contrast to Locke's empiricist view.

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Lewis Terman

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Performed longitudinal study on gifted children.

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R. C. Tryon

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Studied the genetic basis of maze-running ability in rats.

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Lev Vygotsky

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Studied cognitive development; stressed the importance of the zone of proximal development, those skills and abilities that have not yet fully developed but are in the process of development. The child needs guidance to demonstrate those skills.

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John Watson

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Behaviorist. "Give me a dozen healthy infants, well-formed, and my own special world to bring them up in and I'll guarantee to take any one at random and train him to become any type of specialist I might select."

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Cross-Sectional Studies

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An experimental method used in developmental psychology to compare different groups of individuals at different ages.

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Longitudinal Studies

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An experimental method used in developmental psychology to compare the same group of individuals repeatedly over time.

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Sequential Cohort Studies

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An experimental method used in developmental psychology to study groups of subjects at different ages, repeatedly over time.

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Case Study

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An experimental method used in developmental psychology to take a very detailed look at development by studying a small number of individuals. AKA the clinical method.

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Gregor Mendel

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Initiated the study of genes and genetics through his work with pea plants.

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Down's Syndrome

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Genetic disease. A form of severe intellectual disability that results from an extra 21st chromosome.

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Phenylketonuria (PKU)

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A genetic defect in which the child lacks the enzyme needed to digest phenylananine (leading to neurodegeneration); can be controlled with a strict diet.

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Klinefelter's Syndrome

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Foundin males with an extra X chromosome (XXY). Sterile and intellectually disabled.

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Turner's Syndrome

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Found in females with only one X chromosome. Physical abnormalities and failure to develop secondary sex characteristics.

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Stages of Prenatal Development

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1. Zygote - the sperm cell fertilizes the egg cell and forms a single cell

2. Germinal period - the fertilized egg travels down the fallopian tube and is implanted into the uterine wall

3. Embryonic period - the eight weeks following the germinal period; embryo increases in size by 2 million percent

4. Fetal period - Begins in the third month with measurable electrical activity in the fetus' brain

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Rooting Reflex

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Infants automatically turn their heads in the direction of stimuli applied to the cheek.

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Moro Reflex

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Infants react to abrupt movements of their heads by flinging out their arms, extending their fingers, bringing their arms back to their body essentially hugging themselves.

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Babinski Reflex

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Infants' toes automatically spread apart when the soles of their feet are stimulated.

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Grasping Reflex

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Infants automatically close their fingers around objects placed in their hands.

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Piaget's Theory of Adaptation

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Assimilation is the process of interpreting new information in terms of existing schemata. Accommodation occurs when new information doesn't really fit into existing schemata; it is the process of modifying exiting schemata to adapt to this new information.

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Piaget's Stages of Cognitive Development

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1. Sensorimotor - primary and secondary circular reactions; object permanence develops

2. Preoperational - child has not yet mastered conservation; centration and egocentrism

3. Concrete Operational - child masters conservation

4. Formal Operational - person has the ability to "think like a scientist"

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Four Basic Components of Language

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1. Phonology - sounds of a language

2. Semantics - word meanings

3. Syntax - how words are put together to form sentences

4. Pragmatics - efficient use of language

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Freud's Stages of Psychosexual Development

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(0-1) Oral - libidinal energy centered on the mouth; fixation can lead to excessive dependency

(1-3) Anal - toilet training occurs during this time; fixation can lead to excessive orderliness or messiness

(3-5) Phallic - oedipal conflict is resolved during this stage

(until puberty) Latency - libido is largely sublimated during this stage

(puberty on) Genital - if previous stages have been successfully resolved, the person will enter into normal heterosexual relations

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Erikson's Stages of Psychosocial Development

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(0-1) Trust vs. Mistrust [oral]

(1-3) Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt [anal]

(3-6) Initiative vs. Guilt [phallic]

(6-12) Industry vs. Inferiority [latency]

(adolescence) Identity vs. Role Confusion [genital begins]

(young adulthood) Intimacy vs. Isolation

(middle adulthood) Generativity vs. Stagnation

(late adulthood) Integrity vs. Despair

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Thomas and Chess

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Longitudinal study on infant temperaments. Three temperaments: easy, slow to warm up, and difficult.

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Kohlberg's Stages of Moral Development

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Preconventional Morality - further divided into "punishment and obedience" and "instrumental relativist/reciprocity"

Conventional Morality - "good girl, nice boy" and "law-and-order"

Post Conventional Morality - "social contract" and "universal ethical principles"