Development & Plasticity Of The Brain

Front 1

Refers to the idea that the brain is constantly changing throughout the lifetime

Back 1

Plasticity

Front 2

Process of removing unnecessary synapses

Back 2

Synaptic Pruning

Front 3

A condition that negates neuroplasticity

Back 3

Autism

Front 4

General rule in plasticity

Back 4

Use it or lose it

Front 5

Allows plasticity

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Learning new things

Front 6

Prefrontal cortex develops rapidly between ____ months

Back 6

7-12 months

Front 7

If it is not seen, it is not recognized

Back 7

Object permanence

Front 8

The human CNS begins to form when the embryo is ____ old

Back 8

2 weeks old

Front 9

4 Processes of Development of Neurons in the Brain

Back 9

1. Proliferation

2. Differentiation

3. Myelination

4. Synaptogenesis

Front 10

Refers to the production of new cells/neurons in the brain primarily occurring early in life

Back 10

Proliferation

Front 11

Refers to the movement of the newly formed neurons and glia to their eventual locations

Back 11

Migration

Front 12

Forms their arrangement and occurs via cells following chemical paths in the brain of immunoglobins and chemokines

Back 12

Migration

Front 13

Refers to the forming of the axon and dendrite that gives the neuron its distinctive shape

Back 13

Differentiation

Front 14

Refers to the process by which glia produce fatty sheath that covers the axons of some neurons

Back 14

Myelination

Front 15

Speeds up the transmission of neural impulses

Back 15

Myelin

Front 16

Myelination first occurs in the ______

Back 16

Spinal cord

Front 17

Final stage of the process of development in the neurons and refers to the formation of synapses between neurons

Back 17

Synaptogenesis

Front 18

This process of development in the neuron occurs gradually for decades

Back 18

Myelination

Front 19

This process of development in the neuron slows significantly later in the lifetime

Back 19

Synaptogenesis

Front 20

In this process of development in the neuron, neurons are constantly forming new connections and discarding old ones

Back 20

Synaptogenesis

Front 21

Undifferentiated cells found in the interior of the brain that generate daughter cells which can transform into glia or neurons

Back 21

Stem Cells

Front 22

New research suggests that new olfactory receptors have the ability to _____

Back 22

Replace dying ones

Front 23

Animal research suggested that song birds have a ________________

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Steady replacement of new neurons in the singing area of the birds

Front 24

What happens when neurons initially reach their targets?

Back 24

They form synapses w/ several cells

Front 25

These cells strengthen connection w/ some cells and eliminate connections w/ others

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Postsynaptic Cells

Front 26

The ____ the stimulation, the ________ activated/retained

Back 26

The higher stimulation, the more info/parts that are activated/retained

Front 27

What happens to the neurons during prenatal

Back 27

The number of motor neurons decrease

Front 28

It is a selection process of neural connections in which most successful axon connections and combinations survive while others fail to sustain active synapses

Back 28

Neural Darwinism

Front 29

BDNF

Back 29

Brain derived Neurotropic Factor

Front 30

It is a chemical that promotes the survival and activity of neurons and is produced by the neuron itself

Back 30

Neurotropin

Front 31

It is a BDNF and is necessary for memory retention and all the activities of the brain

Back 31

Neurotropin

Front 32

Axonsthat are not exposed to neurotropins after making connections undergo ___

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Apoptosis

Front 33

Preprogrammed mechanism of cell death

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Apoptosis

Front 34

A type of neurotrophin released by muscles that promotes the survival & growth of axons

Back 34

NGF

Front 35

NGF

Back 35

Nerve Growth Factor

Front 36

These increase the branching on axons and dendrites throughout life

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Neurotrophins

Front 37

Chemical distortions in the brain during early development can cause

Back 37

Significant impairment and developmental problems

Front 38

A condition that children are born w/ if the mother drinks heavily during pregnancy

Back 38

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome

Front 39

Fetal Alcohol syndrome symptoms

Back 39

Hyperactivity & impulsiveness
Difficulty maintaining attention

Varying degrees of mental retardation

Motor problems and heart defects

Facial abnormalities

Front 40

The gain and loss of spines in dendrites indicates

Back 40

New connections and potentially new info processing

Front 41

Effects of enriched environment

Back 41

Thicker cortex and increased dendrite branching in rats

Permits activity and wellbeing

Front 42

Being physically active results in ___

Back 42

Maintaining development of nerve growth

Front 43

Blind people often have

Back 43

Enhanced tactile senses and increased verbal skills

Front 44

Extensive practice of a skill changes the brain n what way?

Back 44

In a way that improves the ability for that skill

Front 45

Part of the brain in professional musicians that are enhanced compared to non musicians

Back 45

30% larger temporal lobe in the right hemisphere

Front 46

"Musician's cramp"

Back 46

Focal hand Dystonia

Front 47

Condition wherein the reorganization of the brain goes too far and the fingers of musicians who practice intensively become clumsy, fatigue easily, and make involuntary movements

Back 47

Focal hand dystonia

Front 48

This condition is a result of the area of the brain responsible for a specific finger movement growing and overlapping w/ others

Back 48

Focal Hand Dystonia

Front 49

Possible causes of brain damage:

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-Tumors

Infections

-Exposure to toxic substances

-Degenerative Diseases

-Closed Head Injuries

Front 50

Example of closed head injuries

Back 50

Concussion and trauma

Front 51

A trauma that occurs when a sharp blow to the head drives the brain tissue against the inside wall of the skull and there is no open wound

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Closed head injuries

Front 52

An area surrounding the brain damage and prevents the reconnection of neurons and development

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Penumbra

Front 53

Temporary loss of blood flow in the brain and is a common cause of brain damage in the elderly

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Stroke or Cerebrovascular Accident

Front 54

Types of Strokes

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Ischemia

Hemorrhage

Edema

Front 55

Most common type of stroke that results from a blood clot or obstruction of artery

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Ischemia

Front 56

Neurons lose their oxygen and glucose supply in this type of stroke

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Ischemia

Front 57

It is a less frequent type of stroke resulting from a ruptured artery and where neurons are flooded w/ excess calcium oxygen and other products

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Hemorrhage

Front 58

Can be caused by ischemia and hemorrhage and

is the accumulation of fluid in the brain resulting in an increased pressure on the brain and increasing the probability of further strokes

Back 58

Edema

Front 59

Edema and excess potassium triggers ___

Back 59

the release of excitatory NT glutamate

Front 60

Overstimulation of neurons leads to ____

Back 60

Na and other ions entering the neuron in excessive amounts

Front 61

Excess positive ions in the neuron ___

Back 61

It blocks the metabolism in the mitochondria and kill the neuron

Front 62

It is a drug that breaks up blood clots and reduces the effects of ischemic strokes

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tPA

Front 63

tPA

Back 63

tissue Plasminogen Activator

Front 64

It is a drug that save cells in the penumbra by blocking glutamate synapses

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tPA

Front 65

One of the most effective lab methods used to minimize damage caused by strokes is to _____

Back 65

Cool the brain

Front 66

Temperature of a cooled brain

Back 66

91 - 97 F

Front 67

It is characterized by less activity, lower energy needs, and less risk of overstimulation

Back 67

Cool brain

Front 68

Have been shown to potentially minimize cell loss after the brain damage by decreasing the release of glutamate

Back 68

Cannabanoids (cannabinoids)

Front 69

Decreased activity of surviving neurons after damage to other neurons

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Diaschisis

Front 70

It makes a mechanical barrier to axon growth

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Scar tissue

Front 71

Releases proteins that inhibit axon growth

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Myelin sheath in the CNS

Front 72

New branches formed by other non-damaged axons that attach to vacant receptors

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Collateral sprouts

Front 73

If soma is damaged, what happens to the neuron?

Back 73

It dies

Front 74

Cells that have lost their source of innervation release neurotrophins that induce axons to form _____

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Collateral sprouts

Front 75

Where collateral sprouts fill in

Back 75

Most vacated synapses

Front 76

Class of glycolipids formed by the combination of carbohydrates and fat molecules and are believed to adhere to neuron membranes & aid recognition of one neuron by another

Back 76

Gangliosides

Front 77

These promote the restoration of damaged brains

Back 77

Gangliosides

Front 78

This increase the release of neurotrophin w/c promotes axon sprouting and the formation of new synapses

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Progesterone

Front 79

Ways the brain compensates for decreased input and restores normal functioning:

Back 79

Denervation supersensitivity and Disused supersensitivity

Front 80

Heightened sensitivity to a NT after the destruction of an incoming axon and usually a result of increased receptors

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Denervation supersensitivity

Front 81

The hypersensitivity to a NT after a result of inactivity

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Disused supersensitivity

Front 82

Continuation of sensation of an amputated body part and reflects this process

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Phantom Limb

Front 83

Cortex reorganizes itself after the amputation of the body part by becoming responsive to other parts of the body

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Phantom Limb

Front 84

Limbs that have lost their afferent sensory input

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Deafferenated limb (deafferented)

Front 85

Canstill be used but are often not because use of other mechanisms to carry outthe behavior are easier

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Deafferenated limb (deafferented)