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54 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Stresses the evolutionary basis of many aspects of parental behavior, including the extensive investment parents make in their offspring
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Parental-investment theory
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Emphasizes the crucial role of cognitive processes in social behavior
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Dodge's Information-processing theory of social problem solving
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The tendency to assume that other people's ambiguous actions stem from a hostile intent
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Hostile attributional bias
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Sees the environment as a set of nested structures, each inside the next, like a set of Russian dolls"
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Bronfenbrenner's Bioecological model
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The activities, roles, and relationships in which the child directly participates
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Microsytem
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Order of the levels in Bronfenbrenner's bioecological model
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1. Microsystem
2. Mesosystem 3. Exosystem 4. Macrosystem 5. Chronosystem |
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The connections among various microsystems, such as family, peers, and schools
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Mesosystem
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Settings that children may not directly be a part of but that can still influence their development
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Exosystem
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The general beliefs, values, customs, and laws of the larger society in which all the other levels are embedded
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Macrosystem
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Historical changes that influence the other systems
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Chronosystem
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A process in which newborn birds and mammals of some species become attached to their mother at first sight and follow her everywhere
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Imprinting
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Emphasizes the importance of early experience, emphasized importance of subjective experience, and the large role of unconscious
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Sigmund Freud
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Type of theory that emphasized discontinuity
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Psychoanalytic theories
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Age the Id develops (not number)
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Present from birth |
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Innate biological drives, unconscious
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Id
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Age the Ego develops
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Emerges later in the first year
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Stands for reason and good sense, develops into sense of "self"
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Ego
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Age the superego emerges
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Between 3 and 6 years
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Conscience, enables you to control your behavior
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Superego
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Freuds 5 stages
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1. Oral
2. Anal 3. Phallic 4. Latency 5. Genital |
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Age of the oral stage
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First year of life
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What happens during the oral stage
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Basic needs are met by oral stimulation
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Age of the anal stage
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Second year of life
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What happens during the anal stage
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Biological maturation allows for control of some bodily functions
Pleasure derived from elimination |
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Age of the phallic stage
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3-6 years
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What happens during the phallic stage
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Children become interested in genitalia
Superego emerges through the internalization of social rules and identifying with their parents |
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Age of the latency stage
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6-12 years old
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What happens during the latency stage
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Sexual desire safely hidden in unconscious
Energy put into social and intellectual pursuits |
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Age of the genital stage
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Begins at sexual maturity
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What happens during the genital stage
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Sexual energy released and directed towards opposite sex
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Elaborated Freud's theory to include cultural and contemporary issues
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Erik Erikson
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Covers infancy to old age
Eight stages, each with a crisis that must be resolved |
Erikson's psychoanalytic theory
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First 5 stages of Erikson's theory
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1. Basic trust vs. mistrust
2. Autonomy vs. shame and doubt 3. Initiative vs. guilt 4. Industry vs. inferiority 5. Identity vs. role confusion |
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Age of Basic trust vs. mistrust stage
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First year of life
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Success/failure of the basic trust vs. mistrust stage
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Success = sense of trust
Mistrust = sense of distress |
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Age of Autonomy vs. shame and doubt
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1-3.5 years
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Success/failure of the autonomy vs. shame and doubt
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Success = sense of autonomy
Failure = sense of shame/doubt |
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Age of initiative vs. guilt stage
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4-6 years
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Success/failure during the initiative vs. guilt stage
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Success = sense of independence
Failure = sense of guilt |
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Age of industry vs. inferiority stage
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6 years old to puberty
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Success/failure during the industry vs. inferiority stage
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Success = sense of competence
Failure = sense of inferiority |
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Age of the identity vs. role confusion stage |
Teens to early adulthood
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Success/failure of the identity vs. role confusion stage
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Success = strong sense of self
Failure = confusion about what roles to take on |
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Emphasize nurture and continuity
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Learning theories
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Behaviorism
Believed that children were products of social environment Parents should distance themselves and be objective with children |
John B Watson
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Technique to eliminate anxiety/phobias through controlled exposure
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Systematic desensitization
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We tend to repeat behaviors that are rewarded but not those that are punished
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Operant conditioning
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Believed that every behavior is a result of reinforcement history
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BF Skinner
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Adjusting reinforcement contingencies to promote desired behavior and deter unwanted behavior
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Behavior modification
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Bobo Doll Study
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Children watched a film of adults acting aggressively toward an inflated doll
Kids did the same and acted aggressively towards the doll |
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Results of the Bobo Doll Study (3)
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Kids less likely to imitate if model is punished
Even if did not imitate, would produce behavior if given incentive Boys were more physically aggressive, but girls were too if given incentive |
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Studied Modeling and Aggression with the famous Bobo Doll study
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Albert Bandura
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Behavior modification strategy
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BF Skinner
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Social Learning theory
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Albert Bandura
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