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30 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Emotional symptoms in depression |
Depressed mood. Involves sadness, emptiness, hopelessness, worthlessness, or low self esteem. |
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Cognitive symptoms of depression |
Rumination (continually thinking about certain topics or repeatedly reviewing distressing events) can intensify feelings of depression, especially when tied to self criticism or guilt. Can also cause distractibility, interfere with concentration, decrease memory, and make it difficult to make decisions. Suicidality is common where feelings that pain won't end occur. |
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Behavioural symptoms in depression |
Fatigue, social withdrawal, reduced motivation. Short, quiet speech. Agitation, restlessness. Abandonment of hygiene. |
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Physiological symptoms of depression |
-Appetite and weight changes -Sleep disturbance -Unexplained aches and pains -Aversion to sexual activity |
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Major depressive disorder |
Occurrence of at least one major depressive episode lasting 2+ weeks. No history of mania or hypomania. Depressed mood, sadness, emptiness, loss of interest or pleasure in previously enjoyed activities. Must also experience at least four of following: significant alteration in weight/appetite, atypical sleep patterns, restlessness/sluggishness, low energy, feelings of guilt, difficulty concentrating, preoccupation with death or suicide. |
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Major depressive disorder prevalence |
14-19%, much higher in females. |
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Major depressive disorder age of onset |
Any age, but average late 20s. |
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Persistent depressive disorder |
Depressed mood that has lasted over 2y with no more than 2m symptom free. |
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Lifetime prevalence of persistent depressive disorder |
4%. Higher in females. |
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Persistent depressive disorder age of onset |
Childhood or adolescence |
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Premenstrual dysphoric disorder |
Severe depression, mood swings, anxiety, or irritability occuring before onset of menses. Improvement of symptoms within few days of menstruation and minimal or no symptoms following. Different from premenstrual syndrome as produces greater distress and interferes with social, interpersonal, academic, or occupational functioning. |
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Premenstrual dysphoric disorder prevalence |
2-5% of reproductive age women. |
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Premenstrual dysphoric disorder age of onset |
Late 20s, although earlier is possible. |
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Major depressive episode criteria |
Depressed mood, feelings, sadness, emptiness and or loss of interest or pleasure in previously enjoyed activities. Plus at least 4 of: -change in appetite or weight -change in sleep patterns -restlessness or slow activity -fatigue -guilt -difficulty concentrating -suicidal thoughts |
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Major depressive episode diagnostic exclusions |
Must cause significant impairment and not be due to physiological effects of medical condition, prescribed medication, or drug/alcohol abuse. |
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Prevalence of untreatable depression and bipolar theory |
15% of depression does not respond to treatment; assumed most are cases of bipolar. |
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Biological dimension of depression: neurotransmitters |
Low levels of serotonin, nore, dopamine. Supported by isonazid and reserpine accidental discoveries of mood changes. |
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Biological dimension of depression: Heredity |
5-HTTLPR gene implicated in anxiety also implicated in depression as both conditions use serotonin. Mediates relationship between stress and depression; those with short allele increased depression risk when exposed to stressors. |
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Biological dimension of depression: Cortisol and stress |
HPA axis overactivity and overproduction of stress hormones like cortisol implicated. Blood cortisol rise associated with depression. Triggering effect of environmental stressors can turn on genes that overproduce cortisol during later stressors. Can deplete serotonin and affect enzymes used for serotonin use. |
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Biological dimension of depression: brain changes |
Changes in hippocampus, reduced neuroplasticity, reduced neurogenesis in hippocampus and synapses of cortex. |
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Biological dimension of depression: circadian rhythm disturbances |
Insomnia doubles risk of depression and intensifies symptoms. Irregularities in REM sleep; decreasing REM sleep improves symptoms. |
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Psychological dimension of depression: Behavioural explanations |
Suggest depression is response to insufficient social reinforcement. Believe it is possible to reduce depression by becoming socially active, increasing environmental reinforcement. |
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Psychological dimension of depression: Cognitive |
Depression as disturbance in thinking; Beck's theory says have negative appraisal of self, others, and environment. Make sweeping conclusions. Unable to consider alternative explanations. Tend to cope with rumination and corumination which results in increased depression risk. |
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Psychological dimension of depression: attributional style and learned helplessness |
How we explain events that occur in our lives. Learned helplessness is belief that we have little effect on what happens to us. Focus on causes that are internal (you), stable (will always occur this way), and global (affect all aspects of life). Makes you more likely to develop passive, apathetic, hopeless reactions leading to depression. |
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Social dimensions of depression: severe acute stress |
More likely to cause first depressive episode than chronic stress. After initial episode of depression, less severe stressors can trigger further depression. Chronic social stress interacts with personal vulnerabilities to produce depression. |
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Social dimensions of depression: severe acute stress |
More likely to cause first depressive episode than chronic stress. After initial episode of depression, less severe stressors can trigger further depression. Chronic social stress interacts with personal vulnerabilities to produce depression. |
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Social dimensions of depression |
Individuals who fail to develop secure attachment s and trusting relationships with caregivers early in life have increased vulnerability to depression when confronted with stressful life events. Distressing life events linked to depression. Targeted rejection is particularly strongly linked. |
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Sociocultural dimensions of depression |
Can be felt in some cultures more as somatic than emotional. Discrimination is linked to depression. Suicide attempts 20% more likely among those who reported an unsupportive social environment with respect to sexual orientation. Increased diagnosis of depression in women; begin to appear in adolescence and greatest during reproductive years. Hormones, early puberty, reduced connectivity between amygdala and hippocampus post trauma, increased risk of environmental stressors, traditional gender roles, and the increased rate of rumination amongst women cause increased depression risk. |
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Biomedical treatments: Medication |
Increased suicidality in those under 25. Mild depression minimally helped. Once medication stopped, symptoms return. Sometimes add antipsychotics, but have high side effect risk. |
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Biomedical treatments: Circadian |
Night of total sleep deprivation followed by night of total sleep recovery can improve symptoms. Light therapy for seasonal affective disorder. |
