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25 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Bronchial breathing |
Characterised by breath sounds that are high pitched with a hollow or blowing quality (similar to those heard over the tracheal) Similar duration during inspiration and expiration with characteristic pause in between. Cause: consolidation (lobar pneumonia) confirm with whispering pectoriloquy (increased loudness of whispering) |
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Trousseau sign |
Found in late tetany When upper arm is compressed (with BP cuff or tourniquet) carpopedal spasm and paresthesia elicited |
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Flitting poly arthritis |
AKA migratory arthritis Flits from one joint to another over a few days Causes: gonococcal infection, SLE, Rheumatic fever, sarcoiditis, lyme's disease and bacterial endocarditis |
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Morning stiffness |
Useful in diagnosis. May be found in SLE, rheumatoid and osteoarthritis and fibromyalgia |
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Purpura |
Hemorrhages into the skin. Patients blood does not clot and therefore leaks from capillaries under skin. Appearance varies with type, duration and onset. Causes: auto-immune diseases, medications, infections, temperature change, insect bites or idiopathic |
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Spider angiomas/ spider nevus |
A telangiectatic (chronic dilation of groups of capillaries causing elevated red blotches on the skin) arteriole in the skin with radiating capillary branches mimicing the legs of a spider Causes: Characteristic but not pathognomonic of parenchymatous liver disease. Also seen in pregnant women and healthy people |
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Splinter hemorrhages |
Tiny longitudinal hemorrhages under the nail. Typically seen in infective endocarditis |
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Gametocytes |
A gametocyte of the protazoan Plasmodium Falciparum in the red blood cells is diagnostic of malaria |
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Roth spots in eye |
Flame shaped retinal hemorrhages with a cotton wool center. Causes: Spesic emboli Diagnosis: anemia, leukemia, subacute bacterial endocarditis and serum sickness |
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Shifting dullness |
Diagnostic of fluid in the peritoneal space Causes: Ascites |
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Melena |
Passage of black tarry stools with a characteristic odour signifying blood loss. Causes: Brisk or severe upper GI bleeding |
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Microcytic anemia |
Anemia in which the average size of red blood cells is smaller than normal Causes: Iron deficiency aneamia, thalassemia, sideroblastic anemia, anemia of chronic disease and very rarely lead poisoning |
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Stokes-Adams syncope |
sudden, transient episode of syncope, occasionally featuring seizures Causes: loss of cardiac output due to cardiac asystole, heart block, Lev's disease or ventricular fibrillation |
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Nystagmus |
Involuntary rhythmic oscillation of the eyes Causes: Pendular nystagmus - Children congenital - Adults brainstem/cerebellar disorders Jerk nystagmus - peripheral lesions affeting the vestibular apparatus or CN VIII, central lesion in the brainstem or cerebellum, alcohol or drug toxicity (esp anti-convalescents and benzodiazapenes), lesions in the medial longitudinal fasciculus in the pons, MS |
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Arthritis and dry eyes |
Cause: Rheumatoid arthritis |
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Red blood per rectum |
Indicates disorders in the anal canal, rectum or colon Causes: hemorrhoids, anal fissure, colonic polyps, colorectal cancer, inflammatory bowel disease, ischemic colitis, complicated diverticular disease, vascular malformation, massive upper GI blee, aortio-enteric fistula, endometriosis in the rectum |
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Granular casts |
A mass of pathological debris composed of cells filled with protein and fatty granules Causes: post-infectious glomerular-nephritis can be a complication of streptococcal pharyngitis (strep throat) |
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Venous hum in neck |
Hyperdynamic bloodflow in the neck |
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High eosinophil count |
Causes: parasitic infection of the intestines, Rheumatic Arthritis, Malignancy, extensive skin disease, Addison's disease, Reflux oesophagus, Drugs e.g Penicillin |
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Eccholalia/Echolalia |
Repetition of vocalisations made by another person Causes: autism, Tourette syndrome, aphasia, Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome, developmental disability, schizophrenia and psychopathology |
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Romberg sign |
To elicit: Patient stands erect, feet together and eyes closed and is nudges by the physician Tests the dorsal column of the spinal column for proprioception Positive suggests ataxia is sensory in nature Negative suggests ataxia is cerebellar in nature - localised cerebellar dysfunction |
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Port wine stain |
AKA naevus flammeus Vascular birthmark consisting of superfiial and deep dilated capillariesin the skin which produce a reddish to purple discolouration Causes: Sturge-Weber syndrome or Kippel-Trenauney-Weber syndrome |
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Hess's test |
AKA Rumpel-Leede test AKA Tourniquet test Used to assess capillary fragility To test: a BP cuff around the forearm is inflated to pressure between systolic and diastolic BP for ten minutes after which the number of petechia in a 5cm area are counted - less than 15 are normal, while more than 15 are indicative indicative of capillary fragility Causes: platelet dysfunction, bleeding diathesis, thombocytopenia, scurvy, Dengue fever |
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Quadrantic hemianopia |
Loss of vision in a quarter section of visual field, in one or both eyes Causes: Superior quadrant - temporal lobe lesions Inferior quadrant - parietal lobe lesions |
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Sensory aphasia |
Aphasia characterised by fluent but meaningless speech and the severe impairment of the ability to understand written or spoken words Causes: stroke and other hemorrhagic events, traumatic brain injury, tumour (slow onset), neurological disease e.g. Parkinson's or Alzheimer's (progressive). Certain chronic neurological syndromes such as epilepsy and migraine can have aphasia as part of the prodrome |
