Dds-Lec-Ointments

Front 1

ointments

Back 1

semisolid preparations intended for external application to the skin or mucous membranes

Front 2

ungere; anoint with oil

Back 2

ointment comes from the Latin "_______" meaning _______

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heal, soothe, protect

Back 3

ointment is any greasy or oily semi-solid preparation, usually medicated, that can be applied externally to the skin in order to _______, _______ or _______ it

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medicated; not medicated

Back 4

ointments are may be _______ or _______

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antipruritics; kerolytics; astringents

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Ointments are used topically for several purposes, e.g., as protectants, antiseptics, emollients, _______, _______, and _______.

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protective ointment

Back 6

In the case of a _______, it serves to protect the skin against moisture, air, sun rays and other external factors.

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antiseptic ointment

Back 7

An _______ is used to destroy or inhibit the growth of bacteria.

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penetrate; dissolve; release

Back 8

Frequently bacterial infections are deeply seated; a base which has the capacity to either _______ or _______ and _______ the medication effectively is therefore desired

Front 9

• Oleaginous Bases

• Absorption Bases

• Water-removable Bases

• Water-Soluble Base

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Types of Ointment Bases

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Oleaginous

Back 10

They are anhydrous, greasy, non-washable does not absorb water and occlusive; they are used as protectants, emollients , vehicles for hydrolyzable drugs

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occlusive

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form a film on skin so it increases the skin hydration by reducing the rate of loss of surface water

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hydrocarbon bases

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ointement is also termed as _______

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1. They have an emollient effect

2. Protect the escape of moisture

3. Effective as occlusive dressings

4. Remain on the skin for long period without drying

5. Difficult to wash off

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Characteristics

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liquid petrolatum; levigating agent

Back 14

• If added with water, in small quantities only

• When powdered substances are to be incorporated, _______ may be used as the _______

Front 15

1. Petrolatum, USP

2. White Petrolatum, USP

3. Yellow Ointment, USP

4. White Ointment, USP

Back 15

Examples of hydrocarbon bases:

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Petrolatum, USP

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• Obtained from petrolatum

• Unctuous mass

• Color: yellowish to light amber

• Melts in: 38° to 60°C

• Commercial Product: Vaseline™

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White Petrolatum, USP

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• Mixture of semisolid hydrocarbons from petrolatum that has been nearly decolorized

• Consider pleasing by some pharmacists and patients

• Commercial Product : White Vaseline™

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Yellow Ointment, USP

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• Contains yellow wax and petrolatum

• Yellow wax – from honeycomb (Apis mellifera)

• Prepared by melting and adding the petrolatum until uniform mixture

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White Ointment, USP

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• Bleached and purified yellow wax

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Absorption Bases

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Oleaginous base + w/o surfactant

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Absorption Bases

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• Anhydrous but hydrophilic ointment bases, they can absorb several times their weight of water to form water-in-oil emulsion.

• They are non-washable, not water soluble

• They used as protectants, emollients (+/-), vehicles for aqueous solutions, solids, and non-hydrolyzable drugs.

Front 22

1. Hydrophilic Petrolatum

2. Anhydrous Lanolin

3. Aquabase™

4. Aquaphor®

5. Polysorb®

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Examples of Absorption bases:

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1. Permit the incorporation of aqueous solutions resulting in the formation of water-in-oil emulsions

Example: hydrophilic petrolatum

2. Those that are water-in-oil emulsions that permit the incorporation of additional quantities of aqueous solutions

Example: Lanolin

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Types of Absorption Bases:

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adjuncts

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incorporating the aqueous solution into the absorption base then incorporating this mixture into the hydrocarbon base

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stearyl alcohol; white wax; cholesterol; white petrolatum

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Hydrophilic Petrolatum, USP

• Melting the _______ and _______ on a steam bath, adding the _______ with stirring until dissolved, adding the _______, and allowing the mixture to cool while stirring until congealed

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wool of sheep; 0.25% water

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Lanolin, USP

• From _______ (Ovis aries)

• Contains not more than _______ (Anhydrous form)

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modified lanolin

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lanolin that has been processed to reduce the contents of free lanolin alcohols and any detergent and pesticide

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Water-removable Bases

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• Are oil-water emulsion.

• Water washable.

• They are used as emollients, cleansing creams, vehicles for solid, liquid, or non-hydrolyzable drugs

• Examples: Hydrophilic ointment.

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0.25

0.15

10.00

120.00

250.00

250.00

370.00

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Hydrophilic Ointment, USP

• Methylparaben

• Propylparaben

• Sodium lauryl sulfate

• Propylene glycol

• Stearyl alcohol

• White Petrolatum

• Puriified water

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Sodium lauryl sulfate

Back 30

an emulsifying agent

Front 31

parabens

Back 31

antimicrobial preservatives

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Water-Soluble Base

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• They are completely water-washable and often referred as greaseless. Examples: PEG Ointment, Polybase™

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Polyethylene Glycol Ointment, NF

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• Polymer of ethylene oxide and water

• has average molecular weight below 600

• Clear, colorless liquid

• Those high molecular weight above 1000 are wax like white materials

• When aqueous solution is added, reduce the amount of PEG 3350

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PEG 3350 and PEG 400

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PEG composition:

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1. Desired release rate of drug

2. Desirability of topical absorption

3. Desirability of occlusion of moisture from skin

4. Stability

5. Desirability of washing with water

6. Characteristic of the surface to which it is applied

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SELECTION OF APPROPRIATE BASE

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ointment; cream; lotion

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• _______ for dry, scaly skin

• _______ applied to weeping or oozing surfaces

• _______ applied to intertriginous areas where friction may occur

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1. Incorporation Method

2. Fusion Method

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PREPARATION OF OINTMENTS

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Incorporation Method

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Mixing the components using mortar and pestle, or spatula may be used to rub the ingredients

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Incorporation of Solids

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• By spatulation – stainless steel spatula (long, broad blade)

• If components react with metals, use hard rubber spatulas

• Thoroughly rub and work components together on hard surface until product is smooth and uniform

• Slow mixing – Geometric dilution

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mineral oil base; glycerin base

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Levigating agents:

• _______ oils are external phase

• _______ water is the external phase

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pulverization by intervention

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• For gummy material, _______ can be used

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Incorporation of Liquids

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• Liquid substances are added after the base’s capacity to accept the volume required

• In preparation hydrophobic base, solution first may be incorporated into a minimum amount of the hydrophilic base and then that mixture added to hydrophobic base

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Peru Balsam

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Alcoholic solutions of small volume may be added easily to oleaginous vehicle or emulsion base ______

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Fushion Method

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• In porcelain dish all or some components of an ointment melted together and cooled with constant stirring until congealed, add non-melting substances as the ointment is being cooled and stirred.

• Examples : Beeswax, paraffin, stearyl alcohol, HMW PEG

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Porcelain dish or glass beaker;

Large steam-jacketed kettles

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• _______ for small scale preparation

• ______ for large scale

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1. Microbial content

2. Minimum fill

3. Packaging

4. Storage

5. Labeling

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COMPEDIAL REQUIREMENTS FOR OINTMENTS

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Microbial Content

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• Do not require to be sterile

• Antimicrobial preservatives – parabens, phenols, benzoic acid, sorbic acid, quaternary ammonium salts

Front 48

Betamethasone Valerate ointment

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Test for absence of Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aureginosa

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Minimum Fill

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• Determination of the net weight or volume of contents to ensure proper contents compared with the labeled amount

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• Large-mouth ointment or metal or plastic tube

• Well-closed container

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Packaging, Storage and Labeling

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• Ointments should be stored in tightly closed and completely filled containers.

• Changes in temperature can lead to the crystallization of the drug and to changes in the ointment base.

• They are usually dispensed in jars of glass or plastic material or in collapsible tubes.

• Sterile ointments must be dispensed in tubes or single dose units in order to protect the product against contamination during use.

• With tin tubes, there is a risk of corrosion with hydrophilic ointments.

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Storage and Dispensing

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Simple Ointment

Back 52

Synonym of Yellow Ointment

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Yellow Petrolatum; Petroleum Jelly

Back 53

Synonym of Petrolatum

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White Petroleum jelly

Back 54

Synonym of White Petrolatum