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154 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What does the nervous system contain? |
Brain, spinal cord, thousands of nerves |
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What are the two main major organ categories |
Central nervous system, peripheral nervous system |
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What is the central nervous system responsible for? |
Thought, perception,feeling and auto nomic body functions |
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What is percipheral nervous system for? |
Transmits commands from the brain to the body and receives feedback |
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What is the brain protected by? |
Cranium |
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What 3 layers cover the brain? |
Dura matter, arachnoid matter and pia matter |
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Common cause for head injury? |
Fall from height, direct blows, road traffic collisions and sport injury |
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What is sympathetic nervous system responsible for? |
Fight or flight and provide body with energy, oxygen and ability and oxygen to react to stressful situations |
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What is parasympathetic nervous system responsible for? |
For rest and digest response |
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Causes of stroke |
Hypertension Atheroma Diabetes Cigarette smoking |
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Stroke symptoms |
Language effects Movement effects Sensation effects Consciousness effects |
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What is FAST used for and what does it mean? |
Facial weakness Arm weakness Speech Time
Used for stroke |
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What is transient ishaemic shock? (TIA) |
A brief period of reversible cerebral defict |
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What is bacterial meningitis? |
Inflation of the subarachnoid space |
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What is the signs of bacterial meningitis? |
Severe headache Neck stiffness Photophobia Fever A late sign of petechial rash |
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What is head injury? |
Injury to skull or brain |
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what does bulls eye windscreen or cracked helmet mean?
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major blow to head |
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what injury is associated with head injury?
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cervical spine injuries maxilla-facial injuries |
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how many bones are in the skull?
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28
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what are the three anatomical groups for the skull?
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the auditory ossicles cranium face |
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two types of head injury?
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closed (most common) open |
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what is closed head trauma associated with?
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blunt trauma
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what is open head injury?
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brain tissue is exposed to elements
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what are the four types of skull fracture?
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linear depressed skull fractures basilar skull fracture open skull fracture |
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what are signs of basilar skull fractures?
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cerebal spinal fluid (CSF) draining from ear panda eyes ( periorbital bruising) battle sign ( bruising behind the ear) |
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what are two types of traumatic brain injury?
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primary (direct) brain injury secondary (indirect) brain injury |
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what is primary brain injury?
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instant impact to the head
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what is secondary brain injury?
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after effects of secondary injury
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cerebral oedema, intracranial haemorrhage and cerebral ischaemia are associated with what?
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secondary brain injury
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in adults, the skull is rigid structure which allows for little, if any, expansion of the intracranial contents? true or false |
true
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what is ICP
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intracranial pressure ( swelling of brain)
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signs and symptoms of brain pressure (ICP)
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vomiting ( often without nausea) headache convulsions altered level of consciousness |
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what are hypertension, irregular respirations, unequal pupil, posturing and coma signs off?
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later signs of brain damage
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stages of brain damage
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cerebral concussion (fast and then slow force) cerebral contusion (brain tissue damaged) cerebral compression (causes bleeding/swelling) intracranial haemorrhage ( bleeding inside skull) |
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what causes eye injury?
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blunt trauma, penetrating trauma or burns
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symptoms of eye injury
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visual loss double vision severe eye pain sensation of having foreign body |
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during secondary survey examination of affect eye should include?
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orbital rim for bruising, swelling eyelids for bruising swelling conjunctivae for redness globes for redness pupils for size eye movement in all directions visual acuity ( clarity ) |
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do you ever forcibly remove an imbedded object from the eye?
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NO
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do exert pressure on an eye which is bleeding?
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No ( CAN CAUSE FURTHER INJURY)
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what should you always do to stop movement of injured eye?
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cover both eyes?
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how long should you irrigate an injured eye with saline or clean water for?
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10 minutes (always do this)
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how long should you irrigate an inured eye with chemical burns for and what shouldn't you do? |
20 minutes and make sure saline/water does not get over patient or yourself
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what is the largest organ in the human body?
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the skin
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what does haemorrhage mean?
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severe/catastrophic bleeding
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what is internal bleeding?
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concealed within body
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what is hematemesis?
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vomiting blood
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what is haematuria?
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urinating blood
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what is haemoptysis?
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blood in stools
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where does bleeding from brain come out of? |
ears, nose or eyes
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what are 3 types of external bleeding?
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capillary, arterial, venous
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abrasion, laceration, incision, puncture, gun shot, avulsion, amputation and crush are all types of what?
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wounds
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what are the four mechanisms of blast injuries?
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primary blast injury - injured by pressure wave secondary blast injuries- flying debris tertiary blast injuries- hit stationary object quaternary blast injuries- include burns |
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what is olaes modular bandage used for?
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haemorrhage in significant wound
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what is blast dressing used for?
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amputations or blast injuries
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is a tourniquets used for treatment for catastrophic haemorrhage patients?
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yes
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Common cause of head injury? |
Fall from height, direct blows, road traffic collision and sport injury |
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What is bone strength affected by? |
Age, osteoporosis nutritional status, and disease process |
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What is bone strength affected by? |
Age, osteoporosis nutritional status, and disease process |
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What can fractures be caused by |
Direct force Indirect injury Twisting injuries Fatigue Pathological |
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What is bone strength affected by? |
Age, osteoporosis nutritional status, and disease process |
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What can fractures be caused by |
Direct force Indirect injury Twisting injuries Fatigue Pathological |
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What types of fractures |
Transverse fracture Oblique fracture Spiral fracture Communicated fracture Greenstick fracture Compression fracture |
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Signs and symptoms of fracture |
Deformity Shortening Swelling Loss of use/ guarding Tender Crepitus (grating sensation ) Expose bone ends |
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Signs and symptoms of fracture |
Deformity Shortening Swelling Loss of use/ guarding Tender Crepitus (grating sensation ) Expose bone ends |
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What is dislocation? |
Bone displaced from joint |
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Signs and symptoms of fracture |
Deformity Shortening Swelling Loss of use/ guarding Tender Crepitus (grating sensation ) Expose bone ends |
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What is dislocation? |
Bone displaced from joint |
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What is a Sprain |
Ligaments stretched or torn |
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Signs and symptoms of fracture |
Deformity Shortening Swelling Loss of use/ guarding Tender Crepitus (grating sensation ) Expose bone ends |
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What is dislocation? |
Bone displaced from joint |
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What is a Sprain |
Ligaments stretched or torn |
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What is a strain? |
Violent muscle contraction |
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Signs and symptoms of fracture |
Deformity Shortening Swelling Loss of use/ guarding Tender Crepitus (grating sensation ) Expose bone ends |
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What is dislocation? |
Bone displaced from joint |
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What is a Sprain |
Ligaments stretched or torn |
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What is a strain? |
Violent muscle contraction |
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How many bones in spine |
33 |
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Signs and symptoms of fracture |
Deformity Shortening Swelling Loss of use/ guarding Tender Crepitus (grating sensation ) Expose bone ends |
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What is dislocation? |
Bone displaced from joint |
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What is a Sprain |
Ligaments stretched or torn |
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What is a strain? |
Violent muscle contraction |
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How many bones in spine |
33 |
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3 sections of spine |
Cervical Thoracic Lumbar |
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Signs and symptoms of fracture |
Deformity Shortening Swelling Loss of use/ guarding Tender Crepitus (grating sensation ) Expose bone ends |
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What is dislocation? |
Bone displaced from joint |
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What is a Sprain |
Ligaments stretched or torn |
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What is a strain? |
Violent muscle contraction |
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How many bones in spine |
33 |
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3 sections of spine |
Cervical Thoracic Lumbar |
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How many nerves in spinal column |
31 |
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Signs of spinal damage |
Loss of feeling in body Pain in neck or back Displacement of spine vertebra Breathing will be more in abdominal area rather than chest |
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The patient from spine injury isn likely to be hypoxic ( lack of oxygen to tissue) what should you do? |
Give oxygen |
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The patient from spine injury isn likely to be hypoxic ( lack of oxygen to tissue) what should you do? |
Give oxygen |
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Should you move a patient with spinal injury unless necessary |
No |
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The patient from spine injury isn likely to be hypoxic ( lack of oxygen to tissue) what should you do? |
Give oxygen |
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Should you move a patient with spinal injury unless necessary |
No |
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There may be no signs or symptoms of spinal injury so what should rescuer do? |
Consider mechanism of injury |
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The patient from spine injury isn likely to be hypoxic ( lack of oxygen to tissue) what should you do? |
Give oxygen |
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Should you move a patient with spinal injury unless necessary |
No |
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There may be no signs or symptoms of spinal injury so what should rescuer do? |
Consider mechanism of injury |
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What does csp collar mean? |
Cervical spine immobilisation collar |
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Collar sizes and colour code |
No neck - purple Short - blue Regular - orange Tall- green |
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Collar sizes and colour code |
No neck - purple Short - blue Regular - orange Tall- green |
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What must you do if you don’t have the right size spinal collar |
Do not apply wrong size |
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What must be maintained after any collar has been fitted |
Inline stabilisation of the c spine |
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When should a Helmet only be removed? |
When airway can’t be maintained |
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What takes priority movement of spine or airway in spine injury when a helmet is involved |
Airway |
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What is long board used for and how to you get on to it? |
Extraction of spinal injury patients and you log roll them on to the board |
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How man rescuers would ideally be involved in a log roll on to a long board? |
6 |
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What’s the best method for scooping a patient off the ground? |
Orthopaedic stretcher |
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What is thoracic injuries |
Chest injuries |
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What is flail segment |
Two or more adjacent ribs that are fractured in two or more places |
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Signs of flail chest |
Tenderness and crepitus on palpation Hypoxia Dysponea Evidence of soft tissue injury |
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What is simple pneumothorax? |
Air enters the potential space between lung and chest wall |
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What is open pneumothorax? |
Defect in chest which allows air to enter the plural space |
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What is tension pneumothorax |
Continued accumulation of air under pressure intrapleural space |
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What is haemothorax |
When blood accumulates in space between parietal and visceral pleura |
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What is cardiac tamponade? |
Excessive fluid in the pericardial cavity |
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What must all chest injuries he treated with? |
High flow o2 |
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Structures in the pelvis at risk from injury? |
Bladder, rectum, vagina, urethra |
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Where do pelvis injury commonly occur? |
RTC and heights |
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Structures in the pelvis at risk from injury? |
Bladder, rectum, vagina, urethra |
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Signs of fracture |
Legs in unattractive position Urge to pass urine Haematuria ( blood in urine ) Feeling of the pelvic cavity lying “open” and or “falling apart” |
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Should you put someone with pelvis injury into The recovery position? |
No as long as airway can be maintained |
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Should the patient be moved when pelvis injury is present? |
No to prevent bleeding, |
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Should patient pass urine when they break their pelvis? |
No as it may tear the bladder |
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What must you never do with pelvis injury? |
Never rock or press on the pelvis to try and establish if a fracture is present |
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What are 3 layers of skin |
Epidemis Dermis Subcutaneous |
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What are the 3 depths of burn |
Superficial burn Partial thickness burn Full thickness burn |
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What % should you seek medical assistance with superficial burn |
25% |
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what % of Partial thickness burn should you see medical help |
1% |
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Complications of burns |
Long term damage Constricting blood flow Fluid loss leading to shock Swelling to respiratory and other sensitive areas |
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How to treat thermal burns? |
Cool/teped water to cool down and then put cling film |
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When should you see medical attention full thickness burn |
In all cases |
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How should you treat chemical burns? |
With just water but no after care |
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How should you treat electricity burn? |
Isolate electricity source then use water |
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Are patients more prone to infection after a burn? |
Yes |
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What does time critical mean? |
Need to treat in order to minimise long term damage |
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How to identify time critical burns |
Burns to mouth/throat Infant and child Full thickness burns Electrical burns (effect heart) |
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Should Cling film should be used to treat all burns except ones caused by corrosive chemicals? |
Yes |
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If burn on a limb how should the cling film be used |
Placed in layers not wrapped |
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How long should you treat chemical burns for |
20 minute period |
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What acids cause poisoning through the skin |
Hydrofluoric acid and phenol |
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What is normal core temperature |
37 |
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What temp is hypothermia |
Below 35 core temp |
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What core temp might death again |
24-28 |
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People at risk from hypothermia? |
Elderly Young babies People in outside activity |
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Two types of heat stroke |
Non exertional heat stroke Exertional heat stroke |
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Signs and symptoms of heat stroke |
Temp above 40 Hot,dry skin Seizures Acute respitory distress function |
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What is a systemic inflammatory response to a core body temperature |
Heat stroke |
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What’s heat exhaustion |
Excess fluid loss and rapid pulse |
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What core temp is heat exhaustion |
37-40 |
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Signs of heat exhaustion |
Headache Dizziness Nausea |
