Cscs - Chapter 1

Front 1

Motor Unit

Back 1

Basic functional unit of the human neuro-musclar system. Motor neuron and the muscle fiber it innervates.

Front 2

Epimysium

Back 2

Fibrous connective tissue that covers the body's more than 430 skeletal muscles

Front 3

Bone periosteum

Back 3

Specialized connective tissue covering all bones and

Front 4

LIMB muscles have 2 attachments to bone

Back 4

Promixal (closer to trunk) & Distal (farther from the trunk)

Front 5

TRUNK muscles have 2 attachments

Back 5

Superior (closer to the head) & Inferior (closer to the feet)

Front 6

Origin of the muscle is proximal or distal?

Back 6

Proximal attachment

Front 7

Insertion of the musche is proximal or distal?

Back 7

Distal attachment

Front 8

Muscle cells is the same as muscle fibers?

Back 8

True

Front 9

Fasciculi

Back 9

Grouping of muscles in bundles of up to 150 fibers

Front 10

Perimysium

Back 10

Connective tissue that surround the muscle bundles (fasciculi)

Front 11

Ednomysium

Back 11

Connective tissue that surrounds a muscle fiber

Front 12

Sarcolemma

Back 12

Encircles the endomysium and is continuous, also called fiber's membrane

Front 13

Neuro-muscular Junction (aka motor end plate)

Back 13

Junction between a motor neuron and the muscle fibers that it innervates. Only one per muscle cell but can innervate many muscle fibers.

Front 14

Sarcoplasm

Back 14

Cytoplasm of a muscle fiber

Front 15

Myofibrils

Back 15

Dominate the sarcoplasm and contains the apparatus to contract the muscle cell. Consist of 2 types of myofilament: Myosin & Actin.`

Front 16

Cross-bridges

Back 16

Globular heads that protrude away from the myosin filament at regular intervals.

Front 17

Sarcomere

Back 17

Smallest contractile unit of skeletal muscle. Myosin and actin filaments are organized longitudinally in the sarcomere.

Front 18

A-Band

Back 18

Dark band that corresponds with the alignment of the myosin filaments.

Front 19

I-Band

Back 19

Light band that corresponds with the areas in 2 adjacent sarcomeres that contain only actin filaments.

Front 20

Z-Line

Back 20

In the middle of the I-Band and is thin, dark lin that runs longitudinally through it.

Front 21

H-Zone

Back 21

The area in the center of the sarcomere where only myosin filaments are present.

Front 22

Sarcoplasmic Reticulum

Back 22

Intricate system of tubules that are parallet to and surrounding each myofibril that terminates as vesicles in the vicinity of the Z-Lines.

Front 23

The regulation of calicum controls _____ _______.

Back 23

Muscular contraction

Front 24

T-Tubules (transverse tubules)

Back 24

Run perpendicular to the sarcoplasmic reticulum and terminates in the vicinity of the Z-Line between 2 vesicles.

Front 25

Triad

Back 25

Pattern of T-Tubules spaced between and perpendicular to 2 sarco-plasmic reticulum vesicles.

Front 26

Action Potential

Back 26

Electrical nerve impulse that discharges from a motor nerve signals the release of calicum from the sarcoplasmic reticulum into the myofibril, causing tension development in muscle.

Front 27

Sliding-Filament Theory

Back 27

Actin filaments at each end of the sarcomere slide inward on myosin filaments, pulling the Z-Lines toward the center of the sarcomere and thus shortening the muscle fiber.

Front 28

Troponin

Back 28

A protein that is situated at regular intervals along the actin filament and has a high affinity for calcuim ions.

Front 29

Tropomyosin

Back 29

Protein molecule that runs along the length of the actin filament in the groove of the double helix.

Front 30

Excitation-Contraction Coupling Phase

Back 30

Sacroplasmic reticulum is stimuated to release calicum ions that binds with troponin which causes a shift to occur in tropomyosin. The myosin cross-bridge head now attaches much more rapidly to the actin filament, which allows cross-bridge flexion to occur.

Front 31

The number of _____- ______ that are attached to actin filaments at any instant in time dictates the force production of a muscle.

Back 31

Cross-bridges

Front 32

______ and ______ are necessary for myosin cross-bridge cycling with actin filaments

Back 32

Calicum and ATP

Front 33

Acetycholine

Back 33

A neurotransmitter that is released after the arrival of the action potential which diffuses across the neuromusclar junction, causing excitation of the sarcolemma.

Front 34

All of the muscle fibers in the motor unit contract and develop force at the same time. This is called ___-___-____ principle.

Back 34

All-or-none principle.

Front 35

Activation of a muscle fiber from an action potential traveling down a motor neuron that causes a contraction

Back 35

Twitch

Front 36

Tetanus

Back 36

If stimuli delivered at so high a frequency that the twitches begin to merge and completely fuse. This is the maximal amount of force the motor unit can develop.

Front 37

Fast-twitch-fibers

Back 37

Type IIA, IIAB (IIax) and IIB (IIx) fibers. They develop force and also relaxes rapidly and has a short twitch time. IIA fibers are more fatigue resistant.

Front 38

Slow-twitch-fibers

Back 38

Type I. Develop force and relax slowly and have a long twitch time.

Front 39

2 ways musclar force can be graded

Back 39

(1) Variation in the frequency at which motor units are activated.
(2) Increase in force through varying the # of motor units activated, a process known as recruitment.

Front 40

Recruitment

Back 40

Increase in force through varying the # of motor units activated

Front 41

Preloading

Back 41

Some muscle fibers that are active early in the ROM will not be fully activated unless the muscle is loaded prior to muscle action and occurs when weights are lifted since sufficient force must be developed to overcome the inertia of the weights.

Front 42

Proprioceptors

Back 42

(1)Specialized sensory receptors located within joints, muscles, and tendons.
(2) They provide the central vervous system with info needed to maintain muscle tone and perform complex cooridnated movements.

Front 43

Muscle Spindles

Back 43

(1) Are proprioceptors that consist of several modified muscle fibers enclosed in a sheath of connective tissues. These fibers are called intrafusal fibers and they run parallel to normal (extrafusal) fibers.
(2) They indicate the degreee to which the muscle must activate in order to overcome a given resistance.

Front 44

4 ways an athlete can improve force production

Back 44

(1) Recruit large muscles or groups
(2) Increase cross-sectional area of muscles
(3) Preloading before a concentric action to enhance subsequent muscle action
(4) Preloading during training to devlop strength early in the ROM. Free weights only.

Front 45

Golgi Tendon Organs (GTOs)

Back 45

(1) Proprioceptors located in tendons near the myotendinous junction are in a series attached end to end.
(2) Inhibits muscle activation.
(3) The ability of the motor cortex to overide this inhibition is one of the fundamental adaptations to heavy resistance training.

Front 46

Skeletal muscle sarcopenia

Back 46

Means reduced muscle size and strength as a result of aging or inacitivity is amplified in the weight-bearing exterior muscles.

Front 47

Heart

Back 47

Muscular organ composed of two interconnected chambers. The right side pumps blood through the lungs and the left side through the rest of the body.

Front 48

Atrium and Ventricle

Back 48

The 2 chambers of each side of the heart (left & right)

Front 49

Sinoatrial (SA) node

Back 49

Where rhythmic electrical impulses are normally initiated.

Front 50

Atrioventricular (AV) node

Back 50

Where impulses are delayed slightly before passing into the ventricles

Front 51

Atrioventricular (AV) bundle

Back 51

Conducts the impulse to the ventricles

Front 52

Left & Right Bundles Branches

Back 52

They divide into the Purkinjie fibers and conduct impulses to all parts of the ventricles.

Front 53

Myocardium

Back 53

Heart muscle

Front 54

Sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system

Back 54

Both are components of the autonomic nervous system which receives signals that are transmitted from the medulla in the cardiovascular system.

Front 55

Bradycardia is fewer than __ heart beats per minute and Tachycardia is more than __ heart beats per minute. Normal resting heart rate is between ___ & ___.

Back 55

60, 100, 60 & 100

Front 56

The central and peripheral circulation form a single closed-circuit system with 2 components ____ & ____.

Back 56

Arterial (carries blood away from the heart) and Venous (returns blood back towards the heart).

Front 57

The function of _____ is to exchange oxygen, fluid, nutrients, electrolytes, hormones, and other substances between blood and the interstitial fluid in the various tissues of the body.

Back 57

capillaries

Front 58

The _____ ______ transports nutrients and removes waste products while helping to maintain the environment for all the body's functions. The ____ transports oxygen from the lungs to the tissues for use in cellular metabolism, and it transports _____ ____ from the tissues to the lungs, where it is removed from the body.

Back 58

cardiovascular system, blood, carbon dioxide (most abundant by-product of metabolism)

Front 59

2 functions of blood

Back 59

(1) Transports oxygen from the lungs to the tissues for use in cellular metabolism
(2) transports carbon dioxide from the tissues to the lungs, where it is removed from the body

Front 60

The transport of oxygen is accomplished by ____ in the blood.

Back 60

hemoglobin

Front 61

Major component of blood are the ____ _____ ____.

Back 61

red blood cells

Front 62

The ___ is called the first-gen respiratory passage, and the right and left main ___ are the second-gen passages; each division thereafter is an additional gen _______. There are app ____ generations before the air finally reaches the _____, where gases are exchanged in respiration.

Back 62

trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, 23, alveoli

Front 63

Lungs are acted upon in 2 ways to expand and recoil themselves:

Back 63

(1) Downward and upward movement of the diaphram to lengthen and shorten the chest cavity
(2) By elevation and depression of the ribs to increase and decrease the back-to-front diameter of the chest cavity

Front 64

____ _____ is the pressure in the narrow space between the lung pleura and the chest wall pleura (membranes enveloping the lungs and lining the chest walls).

Back 64

Pleura pressure.

Front 65

_____ _____ is the pressure inside the alveoli when the glottis is open and no air is flowing into or out of the lungs.

Back 65

Alveolar pressure

Front 66

______ is the reversal of the membrane electrical potential, whereby the normally negative potential inside the membrane becomes slightly positive and the outside becomes slightly negative.

Back 66

Depolarization

Front 67

______ is when the T-wave is caused by the electrical potential generated as the ventricles recovers from the state of depolarization and in occurs in ventricular muscle shortly after depolarization.

Back 67

Repolarization

Front 68

_____ is a graphic representation of the electrical activity of the heart.

Back 68

Electrocardiogram (ECG)

Front 69

QRS complex

Back 69

In a normal ECG and is often composed of 3 separate waves: Q wave, R wave, S wave) and records electrical depolarization of the ventricular muscle and results in its contraction..

Front 70

P-wave

Back 70

In a ECG and records electrical depolarization of the atria and its contraction.

Front 71

T-Wave

Back 71

The ventricles recover from depolarization from the electrical potential; called repolarization.

Front 72

During normal respiration at rest _ to _% of total energy expended by the body is required for pulmonary ventilation but this increases to _-_% during very heavy exercise.

Back 72

3-5, 8-15

Front 73

With ventilation, O2 diffuses from the alveoli into pulmonary blood, and carbon dioxide diffuses from the blood into the alveoli. This is called:

Back 73

Diffusion