Crustal Deformation And Mountain Building

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It is a general term that refers to all changes in the original shape, size, volume, or orientation of a rock body.

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Deformation

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Describe the forces that deform rocks

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Stress

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Stress that squeezes and shortens a rock mass

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Compressional Stress

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Stress that pulls apart or elongates a rock body

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Tensional Stress

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Arises from the force vector component parallel to the cross section of the material.

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Shear stress

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The chemical bonds of the minerals within a rock are stretched but do not break

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Elastic Deformation

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The rock will return to nearly its original size and shape when the stress is removed.

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Elastic Deformation

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A type of solid-state flow that produces a change in the shape of an object without fracturing

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Ductile Deformation

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Happens once the elastic limit(strength) of a rock is surpassed

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Brittle Deformation

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Happens when rocks break into smaller pieces

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Brittle Deformation

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Occurs when stress causes the chemical bonds that hold a material together to break

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Brittle Deformation

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Factors affecting the strength of a rock

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• Temperature

• Confining pressure

• Rock type

• Time

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Structures as a result of ductile deformation

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• Fold

• Monoclines

• Domes and Basins

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The result of compressional stress that result in a shortening and thickening of the crust

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Fold

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Flat-lying sedimentary and volcanic rocks are often bent into a series of wave-like undulations

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Fold

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These folds appear to be the result of the reactivation of ancient, steep, dipping faults located in basement rocks beneath the plateau.

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Monocline

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Any large or elliptical structure formed by the fractureless upwarping of rock strata

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Domes

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It is a type that lacks clear-cut elongation that slopes outward in all directions from the highest part

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Domes

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A depression, or dip, in the Earth’s surface

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Basin

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Structures as a result of Brittle Deformation

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• Fractures

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Two types of fractures

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• Joints

• Faults

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These are straight or curving surfaces of rupture directly associated with the formation of a rock or later superimposed upon it.

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Fractures

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Has no prominent or observable movement

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Joint

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With appreciable and observable movement

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Fault

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Fractures in the crust along which appreciable displacement has taken place

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Faults

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Arise by upfolding or arching of sedimentary layers and are sometimes spectacularly displayed along highways that have been cut through deformed strata

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Anticlines

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Occur in the upper crust to depths of about 10 to 15 kms

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Fault

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A trough or fold of stratified rock in which the strata slope upward from the axis

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Synclines

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Folds according to orientation

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• symmetrical folds

• asymmetrical folds

• overturned folds

• recumbent folds

•isoclinal folds

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Symmetrical folds

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When the limbs are mirror images of each other

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Asymmetrical folds

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When the limbs are no mirror images og each other

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Overturned folds

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If one or both limbs are tilted beyond the vertical

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Recumbent folds

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Has an essentially horizontal axial plane

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Isoclinal folds

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When the two limbs of a fold are essentially parallel to each other and thus approximately parallel to the axial plane

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Monocline

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Are large, step-like folds in otherwise horizontal sedimentary strata

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Flat-lying sedimentary and volcanic rocks are often bent into a series of wave-like undulations

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Fold

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Arise by upfolding or arching of sedimentary layers and are sometimes spectacularly displayed along highways that have been cut through deformed strata

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Anticlines

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A trough or fold of stratified rock in which the strata slope upward from the axis

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Synclines

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Domes

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It is a type that lacks clear-cut elongation that slopes outward in all directions from the highest part

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When the limbs are mirror images of each other

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Symmetrical folds

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When the limbs are no mirror images of each other

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Asymmetrical folds

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If one or both limbs are tilted beyond the vertical

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Overturned folds

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Fractures

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These are straight or curving surfaces of rupture directly associated with the formation of a rock or later superimposed upon it.

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Joint

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Has no prominent or observable movement

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Faul

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With appreciable and observable movement

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Faults

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Fractures in the crust along which appreciable displacement has taken place

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Anticlines

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Arise by upfolding or arching of sedimentary layers and are sometimes spectacularly displayed along highways that have been cut through deformed strata

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Fault

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Occur in the upper crust to depths of about 10 to 15 kms

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Synclines

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A trough or fold of stratified rock in which the strata slope upward from the axis

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Folds according to orientation

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• symmetrical folds

• asymmetrical folds

• overturned folds

• recumbent folds

•isoclinal folds

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Symmetrical folds

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When the limbs are mirror images of each other

Front 52

Asymmetrical folds

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When the limbs are no mirror images og each other

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Overturned folds

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If one or both limbs are tilted beyond the vertical

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Recumbent folds

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Has an essentially horizontal axial plane

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Isoclinal folds

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When the two limbs of a fold are essentially parallel to each other and thus approximately parallel to the axial plane

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Monocline

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Are large, step-like folds in otherwise horizontal sedimentary strata