Critical Reasoning Test 2

Front 1

The meaning by which terminology expresses or evokes feeling

Back 1

Emotive Meaning

Front 2

An expression that allows for borderline cases in which it is impossible to tell of the expression applies or does not apply

Back 2

Vague Expression

Front 3

Intensional meaning or intension

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Connotation

Front 4

In a definition, the word or group of words that do the defining

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Definiens

Front 5

A definition intended to reduce the vagueness of a word

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Precising definition

Front 6

A definition that assigns a meaning to a word by naming the members of the class that the word denotes

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Enumerative definition

Front 7

A definition that assigns a meaning to a word by specifying experimental procedures that determine whether or not the word applies to a certain thing

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Operational definition

Front 8

A fallacy that can be detected only through analysis of the content of an argument

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Informal fallacy

Front 9

An informal fallacy that occurs when an arguer attempts to evoke pity from a reader or listener for the purpose of getting him or her to accept a conclusion

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Appeal to pity

Front 10

A variety of the argument-against-the-person fallacy that occurs when an arguer cites circumstances that affect a second arguer, for the purpose of discrediting that person's argument

Back 10

Ad hominem circumstantial

Front 11

A fallacy that occurs when the arguer misinterprets an opponent's argument for the purpose of more easily attacking it, demolishes the misinterpreted argument, and then proceeds to conclude that the original argument has been demolished

Back 11

Straw man

Front 12

An informal fallacy that occurs when an arguer cites the testimony of an unqualified authority in support of a conclusion

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Appeal to unqualified authority

Front 13

An informal fallacy that that occurs when the conclusion of an argument depends on some imagined causal connection that probably does not exist

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False cause

Front 14

An informal fallacy that occurs when the arguer creates the illusion that inadequate premises provide adequate support for the conclusion-by leaving out a key premise, by restating the conclusion as a premise, or by reasoning in a circle

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Begging the question

Front 15

An informal fallacy that occurs when the conclusion of an argument depends on the erroneous transference of an attribute from the parts of something onto the whole

Back 15

Fallacy of composition

Front 16

An informal fallacy that is committed when an arguer presents two nonjointly exhaustive alternatives as if they were jointly exhaustive and then eliminates one, leaving the other one as the conclusion

Back 16

False dichotomy

Front 17

A sample in which every member of the population has an equal chance of being selected

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Random sample

Front 18

The value that occurs with the greatest frequency in a set of data

Back 18

Mode

Front 19

A distribution of random phenomena that has the shape of a bell

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Normal probability distribution

Front 20

The extent to which the ideas or terms in a hypothesis are rationally interconnected

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Internal Coherence

Front 21

The meaning by which terminology conveys information

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Cognitive meaning

Front 22

The qualities or attributes that a term connotes

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Intentional meaning

Front 23

Extensional meaning or extension

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Denotation

Front 24

A definition that assigns a meaning to a word for the first time

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Stipulative definition

Front 25

A definition that assigns a meaning to a word by suggesting a theory that gives a certain characterization to the entities that the term denotes

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Theoretical definition

Front 26

A definition that assigns a meaning to a term by naming subclasses of the class that the term denotes

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Definition by subclass

Front 27

A definition that assigns a meaning to a term by identifying a genus term and one or more difference words that, when combined, convey the same meaning as the term being defined

Back 27

Definition by genus and difference

Front 28

A group of informal fallacies that occur because the premises of an argument are irrelevant to the conclusion

Back 28

Fallacies of relevance

Front 29

An informal fallacy that occurs when an arguer plays on certain psychological needs for the purpose of getting the reader or listener to accept a conclusion

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Appeal to the people

Front 30

A variety of the argument-against-the-person fallacy that occurs when an arguer shifts the burden of guilt onto a second arguer for the purpose of discrediting his or her argument

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tu quoque

Front 31

An informal fallacy that occurs when the premise of an argument entails one particular conclusion but a completely different conclusion is actually drawn

Back 31

Missing the point

Front 32

An informal fallacy that occurs when an arguer uses the fact that nothing has been proved about something, as evidence in support of some conclusion about that thing

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Appeal to ignorance

Front 33

An informal fallacy that occurs when the conclusion of an argument rests on an alleged chain reaction, and there is not sufficient reason to think that the chain reaction will actually take place

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Slippery Slope

Front 34

An informal fallacy that occurs because some word or group of words is used either implicitly or explicitly in two different senses

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Equivocation

Front 35

An informal fallacy that occurs when th conclusion of an argument depends on the erroneous transference of an attribute from a whole (or class) onto its parts (or members)

Back 35

(Fallacy of) division

Front 36

A fallacy that occurs when the arguer ignores relevant evidence that outweighs the presented evidence and entails a very different conclusion

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Suppressed evidence

Front 37

The arithmetical average

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Mean

Front 38

In statistics, an indicator of how spread out the data are in regard to numerical value

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Dispersion

Front 39

Conjectures offered as possible explanation for a phenomenon

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Hypothesis

Front 40

The extent to which a hypothesis agrees with other, well-confirmed hypotheses

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External consistency

Front 41

An expression that can be interpreted as having more than on distinct meaning in a given context

Back 41

Ambiguous expression

Front 42

The members of the class that a term denotes

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Extensional meaning (extension)

Front 43

In a definition, the word or group of words that are proposed to be defined

Back 43

Definiendum

Front 44

A definition intended to report the way a word is actually used in a language

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Lexical definition

Front 45

A definition intended to engender a favorable or unfavorable attitude toward what is denoted by the definiendum

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Persuasive definition

Front 46

A definition that assigns a meaning to a word by pointing to members of the class that the word denotes

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Demonstrative definition

Front 47

A fallacy that can be identified by merely examining the form or structure of an argument

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Formal fallacy

Front 48

An informal fallacy that occurs when an arguer threatens a reader or listener for the purpose of getting him or her to accept a conclusion

Back 48

Appeal to force

Front 49

A variety of the argument-against-the-person fallacy that occurs when an arguer verbally abuses a second arguer for the purpose of discrediting that person's argument

Back 49

Ad hominem abusive

Front 50

An informal fallacy that occurs when a general rule is wrongly applied to an atypical specific case

Back 50

Accident

Front 51

A fallacy that occurs when the arguer diverts the attention of the reader or listener by addressing extraneous issues and finishes by presuming that some conclusion has been established

Back 51

Red herring

Front 52

An informal fallacy that occurs when a general conclusion is drawn from atypical specific cases

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Hasty generalization

Front 53

An informal fallacy that occurs when the conclusion of an argument depends on an analogy (or similarity) that is not strong enough to support the conclusion

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Weak analogy

Front 54

An informal fallacy that occurs when the conclusion of an argument depends on the misinterpretation of a statement that is ambiguous owing to some structural defect

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Amphiboly

Front 55

An informal fallacy that occurs when a single question that is really two or more questions is asked, and a single answer is applied to both questions

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Complex question

Front 56

A sample that is not representative of the population from which is was selected

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Biased sample

Front 57

The middle point when data are arranged in ascending order

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Median

Front 58

In statistics, a measure of how far the data vary or deviate from the mean value; the square root of the variance

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Standard deviation

Front 59

The extent to which a hypothesis fits the facts it is intended to explain

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adequacy

Front 60

The extent to which a hypothesis suggests new ideas for future analysis and confirmation

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Fruitfulness