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39 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Behavior that violates social norms but is not criminal
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Deviance
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A violation of a criminal law for which some governmental authority applies formal penalties
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Crime
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Pleasure versus Pain
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Utilitarianism
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Who said punishment should be public, prompt, and proportionate
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Cesare Beccario
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Has two key elements, use of scientific method and forces outside a person's control influence there behavior.
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Positivism
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Used facial features to tell if someone were a criminal
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Physiognomy
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Used shape of head to determine if someone were criminal
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Phrenology
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Criminals are physically similar to primitive humans
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Atavistic Anomalies
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His Cartographic school of criminology linked social factors to crime using statistical data
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Adolphe Quetelet
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Who said crime is normal, inevitable, and functional
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Emile Pukheim
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Law defines crime and laws are created out of general agreement about what should be illegal
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Consensus View
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Law is a tool of the ruling class and crime is politically defined
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Conflict View
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Moral entrepreneurs define crime and crimes reflect the opinions of people with social power
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Interactionist View
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A serious offense
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Felony
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Petty crime
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Misdemeanor
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Guilty Action
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Actus Reus
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Guilty Mind
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Men's Rea
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Pro's
Provides info on the number and characteristics of arrestees, nation wide sample, and includes homicides. Con's Unreported crimes are not represented, reporting error, difference in agency reporting methods, and dishonest reports |
Uniform Crime Report
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Pro's
Includes unreported crime, provides info on victims Con's Doesn't include homicide, does not provide information about the offender, under reporting, over reporting. |
National Crime Victimization Survey
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Pro's
Includes unreported Crime, Includes information about offender Con's reliance on people to tell the truth and remember, and non-responders may be a significant portion of the population. |
Survey Research
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Crimes committed to obtain desired good and services otherwise unattainable
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Instrumental Crimes
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Crimes committed as a result of rage, frustration, and anger against society.
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Expressive Crimes
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Prove why Crimes are more common in high-poverty area's
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Higher incentive to commit crime, less to lose if they're caught, and anger and frustration at society
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Prove Crimes are more commonly detected in high poverty areas
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Difference in law enforcer tactics not criminal behavior, higher likelihood that citizens in lower classes will get arrested.
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Repeat offenders responsible for a significant amount of all law violations.
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Chronic Offenders
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Early exposure to personal and social problems
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Early Onset
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Crime victims are more likely to commit crimes themselves
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Cycle of Violence
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Victims of crime are significantly more at risk for future of victimization
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Chronic Victimizatoin
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Charactistics that increase potential for victimization
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Target vulnerability
Target Gratifiability Target Antagonism |
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People initiate the confrontation that eventually leads to their injury or death
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Victim Precipitation Theory
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Victims actions provoke attack
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Active Precipitation
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Victims personal characteristics unknowingly provoke attack
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Passive Precipitation
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Peoples lifestyle increases exposure to criminal offenders, which increases odds of victimization
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Lifestyle Theory
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Theories of Victimization
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Victim Precipitation Theory
Lifestyle Theory Deviant Place Theory Routine Activities Theory |
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Living in a socially disorganized high crime area increases likelihood of victimization
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Deviant Place Theory
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Volume and distribution of predatory crime are related to the intersection of three variables
Availability of suitable targets Lack of capable guardians Presence of motivated offenders |
Routine Activities theory
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Violent Crime against a person or crimes in which an offender attempts to steal an object directly
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Predatory Crimes
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an area where motivated offenders congregate
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Hot Spots
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People may not take advantage of criminal opportunity if they are bonded by to conventional peers
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Moral Guardship
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