Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
26 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Classical school
|
Becarria and Bentham believed pple acted rationally(weigh adv and disad), act on free will, pursue pleasure, avoid pain. Law proportional to crime. Becarria=founder of modern criminology.
|
|
|
Describe the rate of homicide from 60s-90s, and what caused it.
|
Rise from 60s and peaked at 80s. Decline until 85 then peaked until 90s. Post 85 peak bc of young black males who felt despair over econ opports. incr drug traffiking, incr use of guns.
|
|
|
Critique of Classical
|
Too simplistic, dont always weigh, sometimes act impulsively, cant agree on what is pleasure
|
|
|
Critque of phrenology
|
Brain not setup compartmentally and too deterministic
|
|
|
Rational Choice aka neoclassical
|
Weighing costs and benefits
|
|
|
Psychoanalytical
|
Freud
Id instinctual desires Ego rational part Superego societys norms and moral code |
|
|
General and Specific Deterrence
|
Members dont break the law bc fear legal punishment. In Specific, offenders already punished choose not to commit another crime bc dont want to get punished again.
|
|
|
Critique Xyy
|
Rare, sm samples, bias
|
|
|
Positivism
|
using Scientific Method and collecting data in order to explain social phenomena. Darwin.
|
|
|
Critique of Biological Explanations in general
|
Crime=too diverse, cant expln why some pple w/ agression turn to football and others to crime, group rate differences aka differences in diff places, cant change bio therefore cant reduce crime
|
|
|
Phrenology
|
Franz Gall
Lower region in brain assoc'd w/ crim behav =larger in crims |
|
|
Jukes and Kallikaks
|
Richard Dugdale noted that 6 Jukes behind bars, but no one to compare fam to.
Goddard studied Kallikak and found one set of desc involved in crime and other not. More likely due to env |
|
|
Critique of Positivism
|
Denies free will
Too deterministic Crims=abnormal and inferior. BUT positivism remains the "dominant apprch in crim today" |
|
|
Critique psychoanalytical
|
Neglects social factors, context
|
|
|
Deterrence
|
Potential and actual punishment (costs) outweigh the crime (like rational).
|
|
|
Biological Inferiority
|
Earnest Hooton
Measured male prisoners found low foreheads, crooked noses Called them biologically inferior Muderers-tall and thin Rapists- short and heavy Advocated sterlization and exile |
|
|
Objective vs Subjective
|
Obj-impact of legal punishment
Subj-impact of people's perceptions of the likelihood and severity of legal punishment. |
|
|
Jean Piaget
|
Four stages of of mental and moral development (27)
|
|
|
Critique of Atavism
|
Small sample
Traits of Sicilians=Racist Theory discredited (by Goring) |
|
|
Moral Development
|
Kohlberg:individs pass thru sev stages to develop their ability to reason morally. But not everyone makes it thru all stages
|
|
|
Atavism
|
Caesar Lombroso=founder of positivist school
Crims=throwbacks, primitive app'ce (hairy, large jaws) |
|
|
XYY Chromosome
|
Study found men more likely to be tall, long arms, severe acne, low intell, more likely to be arrested for petty thefts
|
|
|
Diet and Nutrition
|
Dan White killed two men, used Twinkie def (sugar caused to be more depressed)got off on manslaughter.
|
|
|
Critique of Body Shapes
|
Same flaws as Lombroso and Hooton
Bias against athletic pple who could be arrested based on appce. |
|
|
Critique of Biological Inferiority
|
Control group didnt rep country well. Sterlization or exile=Nazi like.
|
|
|
Body Shapes
|
William Sheldon
Endomorphs-relaxed and extrov Ectomorph-thin and shy Mesomorph-agrssive, commits crime |
