Criminal Behavior Ch. 16 Key Terms

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Controlled Substance

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Any psychoactive drug or chemical substance whose availability is restricted, as designated by state or federal law

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Dependence

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In substance abuse, a condition that may be physical, psychological, or both, whereby a person develops an intense craving for (and feels he or she cannot live without) a drug.

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Experimental Substance Use (ESU)

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Experimentation - typically by adolescents - with various psychoactive substances before dependency or addiction to drugs occurs

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Hallucinogens

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Those psychoactive drugs that sometimes generate hallucinations and lead to changes in perceptions of reality. Also called psychedelics

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Inhalant

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Refers to a thousand or more different household and commercial products that can be abused by sniffling or "huffing" (inhaling through the mouth) for an intoxicating effect. They are found in organic solvents and volatile substances commonly found in adhesives, lighter fluids, cleaning solutions, and paint products

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Jails

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A facility operated by a local government to hold persons temporarily detained, awaiting trail, or sentenced to confinement, after having been convicted of a misdemeanor

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Natural Narcotics

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Psychoactive substances classified as narcotics that require no chemical preparation

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Narcotics

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Psychoactive drugs that produce sleep and are derivatives of the poppy plant. Often divided into three categories depending on the amount of preparation needed: natural, synthetic or semi-synthetic. Examples are opium, heroin, and methadone, respectively

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Opiate Narcotics

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Psychoactive drugs that have sedative (sleep-inducing) and analgesic (pain-relieving) effects.

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Prisons

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Correctional facilities operated by state and federal governments to hold persons convicted of felonies and sentenced generally to terms of more than one year

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Psychoactive Drugs

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Drugs that exert their primary effect on the brain, thus altering mood or behavior

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Psychedelics

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The category of psychoactive drugs that produce elevated mood, hallucinations and altered states of consciousness. Also called hallucinogens

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Sedative-hypnotic Compunds

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Psychoactive drugs that depress central nervous system functioning, generally reducing anxiety and tension

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Stimulants

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A broad drug classification that refers to those psychoactive drugs that "stimulate" the central nervous system and elevate mood

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Substance Abuse

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A pattern of drug use characterized by recurrent negative or adverse consequences as a result of repeated ingestion of the drug

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Tolerance

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In substance use, the condition in which only increasing dosages of the drug produce the desired effect

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Tripartite Model

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Identifies three major types of illicit drug crimes. Proposed by Paul Goldstein

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Six findings on illicit drug abuse

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- more individuals are incarcerated or held in jails and prisons for drug offenses than any other offence.
-arrests are frequently test positive for drug use
-arrestees and incarcerated offenders were often under inflence when committed their crimes
-some offenders commit property crime to support drug habbit
-drug trafficking often engenders violent crime
-drug/crime relationship is difficult to identify and measure

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Tripartite conceptional model (Goldstein)
3 principals of drug related crime

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-Psychopharmacologically driven: some drugs cause some people to become violent and engage in criminal actions
-Systemic: crime occurs due to system of drug trafficking and distribution
Economically compulsive: criminal behavior to support a substance habbit

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Cannibis 5pt

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Most commonly used illicit drug and is prevalent amongst 15-25 yo with use dropping off after mind 30's.
-effects unique to each individual and dependant on the thc content
-no empirical evidence to suggest that cannabis is associated with crime directly. Thc may actually reduce possibility of certian aggressive or assaultive behaviors
-exception is paranoia.
-may be associated with property crimes perpetrated to support drug habbit

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Pcp 4 pt

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Heterogeneous effects, minimicking barbiturate like downer effect or amphetamine like uppper effect as well as perceptional distoritons or hallucinations

Psychotic-like symptoms common including delusions of strength, grandiosity, persecutory cmplex, behavior can be highly unpredictable

many users are polydrug users inexpensive with marginal addicive properties

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Amphetamines 6pt

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-effects produced on sympathetic nervous system
-reg. taken orally, inhaled, or injected while meth hydrochloride is smoked, burns!
-ephedrine and psuedophedrien: sudafed; used of various chemicals to separate the stimpulent (paint thinner, iodine ect...)
-increases dopamine but destroys its receptors, decreasing brains ability to create it's own
-male users, caucasion, over 26
-increase in alertness, decrease in appetite, high doeses may lead to violence, anxiety, paranoid or even delusional hallucinations

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Cocain

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-nasally, smoked, injected
-used in pop culture at the turn of century in many products but removed de to concern over effects
-moderate doses lead to wakefulness, euphoria, increased sociability, and some gradiosity,
-high doses may lead to panic aggression, hallucinations, posibility to toxic psychosis
-may have have adverse effects on cardiovascular system as well as in pathways of ingestion, nasty when mixed with alcohol, strongly addictive
-no evidence to suggest direct link to crime, but may be indirectly via cost of use

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Heroine

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CNS depressant, dream like states, vivid dreaming, feeling of contentment, warmth, heviness, low sociability
-rarely associated with violence or aggression beause of its sedating properties
-highly related to robbery and other property crimes especially at time of high addiction

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Depressants: GHB AND Rohypnol 3pt

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-club drugs like MDMA, but not activating like the latter
-while moderate use can bring about loose, relaxed, and torubleless feelings, excessive amounts may lead to nausea, respitory distress, slowed heart rate, lowered blood pressure, and other bodily suppressions
-pecause of their associations with anterograde amnesia there is possibility for abuse as a "rape drug" as its tasteless character allows it to be put into drinks for the consumption of unknowing victims who may have no memory of activities during the course of the high

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ALCOHOL 4 pt

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-number one drug abused, legal, redily available
-cns depressant, but at low doses or early in consumption, it may have seemingly excitatory effects leading to increased sociability, euphoria and a sense of well-being; however while self confidence increases, coordiantion and judgement become impaired

coleman: a catalyst for violence
-associated with large number of crimes, involved in polysubstance abuse
-disinhibitory and social-cofnitive models of meditation