Crim 321 Final

Front 1

What are the 2 components of reflexivity?

Back 1

1. Process through which a researcher recognizes, examines, and understands how his or her own social background and assumptions can intervene in the research process
2. Sensitivity to the important situational dynamics between the researcher and researched that can impact the creation of knowledge.

Front 2

According to Guillemin and Gillam, how could reflexivity contribute to ethical research practice?

Back 2

1. Acknowledgment of microethics - ethical dimensions of ordinary, everyday research practice
2. Sensitivity to "ethically important moments" in research practice
3. Having or being able to develop a means of addressing and responding to ethical concerns if and when they arise in the research

*Reflect on how research intervention might affect research participants before any actual research is conducted and consider how they would respond as a researcher*

Front 3

What are the 3 epistemological features of qualitative research?

Back 3

1. Affective: People are affected by the process of research
2. Interactive: Relationship between research and subject is interactive - researcher remains reflexive to ensure neutrality
3. Contextual: Truth is understood within its context

Front 4

What are the 4 central processes in qualitative research?

Back 4

1. Grounded Theory (theory and data inform each other)
2. Circular
3. Inductive
4. Iterative (process repeats itself and changes with each repetition)

Front 5

What is the difference between research ethics and regulation of research ethics?

Back 5

1. Research ethics: principles that guide our interactions with research participants and commitment to safeguard their rights and interests (Internal)
2. Regulation of research ethics: way research ethics are interpreted and adjudicated (External - REB, positivistic)

Front 6

What 2 principles guiding research emerged out of the Nuremburg code?

Back 6

1. Participation must be voluntary and informed consent must be received
2. Participants should be advised of any known or anticipated harmful effects beforehand

Front 7

What is the difference between confidentiality and anonymity?

Back 7

1. Anonymity: ensuring identifying data (names) are removed from the transcripts/notes and writing the research up to ensure anonymity
2. Confidentiality: researcher doesn't talk about the details to anyone in such a way that the individual is identified; securing the data so it cannot be found; not disclosing an identity if asked

Front 8

What are the Wigmore Criteria?

Back 8

1. Communications must originate in a confidence they will not be disclosed
2. The element of confidentiality must be essential to the full and satisfactory maintenance of the relation between the parties.
3. The relation must be one which in the opinion of the community ought to be sedulously fostered (Community = research, participants', social policy, expert testimony)
4. The injury that to the relation by the disclosure of the communications must be greater than the benefit thereby gained for the correct disposal of litigation.

Front 9

What are the 2 levels of conflict of interest?

Back 9

1. Individual: researcher's interests do not coincide with participant interests
2. Institutional: institution's interests conflict with ethical obligations

Front 10

What is the plumb line (Chenail)?

Back 10

1. Area of curiousity
2. Mission question - basic and simple reason for doing research
3. Data to be collected
4. Data to be analyzed
*Realign research as it evolves in an iterative process*

Front 11

What are the 4 types of samples?

Back 11

1. Purposive: focuses on characteristic of set of characteristics of population of study
2. Theoretical: sampling with a theoretical purpose
3. Convenience: taking advantage of unforeseen opportunities or because of ease of access
4. Snowball

Front 12

What are the 4 types of research?

Back 12

1. Contextual:
a. Concern: Identifying what exists in social world and how it manifests
b. Discussed as experienced by study population using rich, thick description
c. Explore and describe participant understanding and interpretations of social phenomena
2. Explanatory:
a. Concern: Why a phenomenon occurs and what causes/influences this occurrence
b. Focus on revealing factors underlying particular attitudes or beliefs, motivations, and origins
3. Evaluative:
a. Concern: how well things operate, understanding processes and outcomes
b. Critical questions: features of program, focus on design, delivery, or implementation, staff perceptions, outcomes
4. Generative:
a. Concern: production with new ideas
b. Theory/hypothesis development, policy situation development, develop strategies and actions to make policy/programs more effective

Front 13

What are the 2 components of credibility (validity) in QLR?

Back 13

1. The degree of believability of research findings
2. Extent to which data is cohesive and consistent

Front 14

What are 4 ways validity is achieved in qualitative research?

Back 14

1. Validity: whether what was observed is actually what happened (CREDIBILITY)
2. Achieved through:
a. Reflexivity
b. Negative case analysis
c. Dialogue with wider research community/audit
e. Triangulation

Front 15

What is dependability (reliability) in QLR?

Back 15

Clearly establishing:
1. where data came from
2. how it was collected
3. how it was used

Front 16

What are 3 components of confirmability and dependability (reliability) in QLR?

Back 16

Audit trial:
1. Ability to show type and nature of raw data
2. Ability to show how data were analyzed
3. Ability to show how categories and themes were developed

Front 17

What are 7 ways reliability is achieved in qualitative research?

Back 17

1. Reliability - internal consistency (DEPENDABILITY and CONFIRMABILITY)
2. Evaluated by:
a. Description of relationship with group and setting
b. Detailed, comprehensive, cross-referenced, annotated and rigorous field documentation
c. Multiple means for recording observations and interviews
d. Interviewer's training documented
e. Construction, planning and testing of instruments documented
f. Key informants described
g. Sampling techniques fully documented

Front 18

What is transferability (generalizability) in QLR?

Back 18

Degree to which results can be applied to different settings and populations

Front 19

What are the 3 types of generalizability in qualitative research?

Back 19

1. Representational: applying findings to population beyond sample
2. Inferential: apply findings to other settings or contexts
3. Theoretical: draws theoretical propositions, principles or statements from findings for more general application

Front 20

What is triangulation?

Back 20

Using multiple data sources, researchers, theories and techniques to study a phenomenon

Front 21

What are the 4 types of triangulation?

Back 21

1. Methods
2. Data sources
3. Multiple analysis
4. Theoretical

Front 22

What are 4 types of interviews?

Back 22

1. Telephone
2. In-person individual
3. Oral history
4. Focus group

Front 23

What are the 7 stages of interview research?

Back 23

1. Thematizing: what are you researching? why?
2. Designing
3. Interviewing
4. Transcribing
5. Analyzing
6. Verification
7. Reporting

Front 24

What are advantages to content analysis?

Back 24

1. Unobtrusive and inconspicuous
2. Reduced reactivity
3. Anonymous
4. Cost-effective
5. Study of processes over time
6. May reflect trends or changes in society
7. Allow for more complete analysis of data that are complex, detailed, rich and nuanced

Front 25

What are 3 limitations of content analysis?

Back 25

1. Limited by what is already recorded (selective deposit, selective survival)
2. Cannot test for causal relationships between variables
3. Different recorders may produce different data

Front 26

What are the 3 stages of transforming data into knowledge?

Back 26

1. Description: what is going on
2. Analysis: identify key factors and interrelationships between them
3. Interpretation: go beyond factual data and engage in cautious analysis - what does the data mean?

Front 27

What is ethnography?

Back 27

The art and science of describing a group or culture

Front 28

What is the difference between methodology and methods?

Back 28

Method: An approach, process, procedure or technique (ex. content analysis)
Methodology: Study of methods

Front 29

What are the goals of ethnography?

Back 29

1. Understanding: To understand the "other" by looking at how activities are organized
2. Describing: To gain a comprehensive picture of a social group through describing history, religion, politics, economy and environment
3. Interrelationships: To discover interrelationships among various system and subsystems in community

Front 30

What is the purpose of oral history?

Back 30

To address concerns about selective deposit

Front 31

What is autoethnography?

Back 31

Using oneself as part of the research process to connect research, writing, story and method with cultural, social and political context

Front 32

What is participant action research?

Back 32

Research that has improving the lives of those studied as its primary goal

Front 33

What are 3 ways reciprocity is achieved in QLR?

Back 33

1. Monetary reciprocity - giving participants money to participate in research
2. Giving participants copies of data
3. Letting participants voices be the "star"