Crim 315 Ch2, 3

Front 1

Criminological research question

Back 1

question about some aspect of crime/criminals, the answer to which is sought through collection and analysis of the firsthand, verifiable, empirical data

Front 2

What are the three stages of formulating a good research question?

Back 2

1. identify question(s)

2. refine question(s)

3. evaluate question(s)

Front 3

What are the three motivations for research?

Back 3

policy, personal, academic
and economic?

Front 4

What is the primary source of research questions for criminologists?

Back 4

criminological theory

Front 5

criminological theory

Back 5

provides an explanation as to why crime occurs or to why in some places under some conditions

Front 6

What are the 3 important criteria for a good research question?

Back 6

feasibility

social importance

scientific relevence

Front 7

refereed journals

Back 7

journals that select research papers for publication based on the peer reviews of other social scientists

Front 8

theory

Back 8

logically interrelated set of propositions about empirical reality

Front 9

What do theories do?

Back 9

explain

predict

organize

guide research/policy

Front 10

theoretical constructs

Back 10

parts of a theory that describe what is important to look at to understand, explain, predict, and guide the subject

Front 11

falsifiable

Back 11

when a theory can be tested and falsified or otherwise not supported by empirical evidence

Front 12

deductive reasoning

Back 12

general to specific/begin with theory

Front 13

inductive reasoning

Back 13

specific to general/begins with data

Front 14

serendipitous findings

Back 14

anomalous finding: unexpected patterns in data

Front 15

research circle

Back 15

diagram of elements of research process

Front 16

hypothesis

Back 16

a tentative statement about empirical reality involving the relationship between two or more variables

Front 17

variable

Back 17

characteristics that can vary

Front 18

constant

Back 18

number with a fixed value

Front 19

direction of association

Back 19

pattern in a cross-tabulation; positive or negative

Front 20

positive relationship

Back 20

IV&DV move in same direction

Front 21

negative relationship

Back 21

IV&DV move in opposite directions

Front 22

empirical generalizations

Back 22

statements that describe patterns found in data

Front 23

What are the motives for inductive research?

Back 23

exploration

Front 24

What are the motives for deductive research?

Back 24

explanation and evaluation

Front 25

What are the three types of validity?

Back 25

measurement

generalizability

causal validity

Front 26

replications

Back 26

repetitions of a study using the same research methods

Front 27

measurement validity

Back 27

a measure measures what it is presumed to measure

Front 28

generalizability

Back 28

a conclusion holds true for the population and overall group given specified conditions

Front 29

causal (internal) validity

Back 29

conclusion actually leads to another phenomenon

Front 30

authenticity

Back 30

when the understanding of a social process or social setting is one that reflects fairly the various perspectives of participants in that setting

Front 31

sample generalizability

Back 31

a conclusion based on a sample, or subset, holds true for whole population

Front 32

cross-population generalizability

Back 32

findings about one population apply to all populations

Front 33

What are the types of generalizability?

Back 33

sample and cross-population

Front 34

Prison experimentor?

Back 34

Philip Zimbardo

Front 35

obedience to authority experimenter?

Back 35

Stanley Milgram

Front 36

Belmont report

Back 36

1979 commission establishing moral/ethical guidelines for research

Respect for persons

beneficence

justice

&& Federal policy for the protection of human subjects

Front 37

respect for persons

Back 37

protecting those with diminished authority

Front 38

beneficence

Back 38

minimizing harms

Front 39

justice

Back 39

equal distribution of benefits and risks

Front 40

IRB

Back 40

Institutional Review Board

Front 41

debriefing

Back 41

informing subjects after an experiment to the purposes

Front 42

privacy certificate

Back 42

NIJ document protecting researchers from being legally required to disclose confidential information

Front 43

Certificate of confidentiality

Back 43

NIH document protects researchers from being legally required to disclose confidential information

Front 44

positivism

Back 44

belief there exists a reality quite apart from our own perceptions, but knowledge will never be complete

Front 45

post positivism

Back 45

there exists an empirical reality, but our understanding is limited by its complexity and by the biases and limitations of researchers

Front 46

intersubjective agreement

Back 46

agreement between scientists about the nature of reality

Front 47

interpretivism

Back 47

reality is socially constructed and the goal of science is to understand the meaning given to it by people

Front 48

verstehen

Back 48

German "understanding"

Front 49

constructivism

Back 49

methodology based on rejection of belief in an external reality; stakeholders construct reality

Front 50

Hermeneutic circle

Back 50

the dialectical process in which the researcher obtains information from multiple stakeholders in a setting

Front 51

case report

Back 51

report to help reader realize the state of affairs and motives

Front 52

participatory action research

Back 52

type of research in which the researcher involves some organizational members as active participants