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120 Cards in this Set
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acoustic phonetics
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an approach to phonetics that is concerned with measuring and analyzing the physical properties of sound waves produced when we speak.
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articulatory phonetics
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an approach to phonetics that studies the physiological mechanisms of speech production
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diacritic
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a mark added to a phonetic symbol to alter its value in some way (e.g. a circle under a symbol to indicate voicelessness)
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features (phonetic)
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the smallest unit of analysis of phonological structure, combinations of which make up segments (e.g., [nasal], [continuant])
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International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)
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a system for transcribing the sounds of speech that attempts to represent each sound of human speech with a single symbol.
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phones
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any sound used in human language (also called speech sound)
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phonetics
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the study of the inventory and structure of the sounds of language
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segments
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individual speech sounds
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speech sounds
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any sound used in human language (phone)
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syllable
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a unit of linguistic structure that consists of a syllabic element and any segments that are associated with it.
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arytenoids
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two small cartilages in the larynx, that are attached to the vocal folds, enabling the vocal folds to be drawn together or apart
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parts of the vocal tract below the mouth
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cricoid cartilage
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the ring-shaped cartilage in the larynx on which the thyroid cartilage rests
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parts of the vocal track below the mouth
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diaphragm
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the large sheet of muscle that separates the chest cavity from the abdomen and helps to maintain the air pressure necessary for speech production
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parts of the vocal track below the mouth
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glottis
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the space between the vocal folds
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parts of the vocal track below the mouth
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intercostals
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the muscles between the ribs that help to maintain the air pressure necessary for speech production
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parts of the vocal track below the mouth
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larynx
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the box-like structure located in the throat through which air passes during speech production; commonly known as the voicebox.
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parts of the vocal track below the mouth
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pharynx
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the area of the throat between the uvula and the larynx
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parts of the vocal track below the mouth
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thyroid cartilage
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the cartilage that forms the main portion of the larynx, spreading outward like the head of a plow
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parts of the vocal track below the mouth
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trachea
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the tube below the larynx through which air travels when it leaves the lungs, commonly known as the windpipe
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parts of the vocal track below the mouth
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vocal folds (vocal cords)
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a set of muscles inside the larynx that may be positioned in various ways to produce different glottal states (vocal cords)
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parts of the vocal track below the mouth
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vocal tract
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the oral cavity, nasal cavity, and pharynx
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parts of the vocal track below the mouth
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murmur
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the glottal state that produces voiced sounds with the vocal folds relaxed enough to allow enough air to escape to produce a simultaneous whispery effect (also called whispery voice)
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terms concerning glottal states
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voiced (sounds)
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the glottal state in which the vocal folds are brought close together but not tightly closed, causing air passing through them to vibrate (e.g., [æ], [z], [m] are voiced)
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terms concerning glottal states
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voiceless (sounds)
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the glottal state in which the vocal folds are pulled apart, allowing air to pass directly through the glottis (e.g., [t], [s], [f] are voiceless)
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terms concerning glottal states
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whisper
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the glottal state in which the vocal folds are adjusted so that the front portions are pulled close together, while the back portions are apart
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terms concerning glottal states
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whispery voice
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the glottal state that produces voiced sounds with the vocal folds relaxed enough to allow enough air to escape to produce a simultaneous whispery effect (also called murmur)
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terms concerning glottal states
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consonants
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sounds that are produced with a narrow or complete closure in the vocal tract
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terms concerning sound classes
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glides
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sounds that are produced with an articulation like that of a vowel, but move quickly to another articulation
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terms concerning sound classes
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nonsyllabic
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sounds that do not act as syllable peaks, as distinguished from syllabic sounds
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terms concerning sound classes
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sonorous (sounds)
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characterized by a relatively open vocal tract with relatively little obstruction of airflow as a sound is made (e.g., vowels are sonorous sound)
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terms concerning sound classes
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sound classes
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a group of sounds that shares certain phonetic properties (e.g., all voiced sounds)
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terms concerning sound classes
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syllabic
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a major phonological class feature assigned to segments that function as the nuclei of syllables (vowels and liquids)
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terms concerning sound classes
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vowels
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resonant, syllabic sounds produced with less obstruction in the vocal tract than that required for glides
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terms concerning sound classes
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syllabic sounds
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sounds that could be peaks of syllables (e.g., vowels in English)
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terms concerning sound classes
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alveolar ridge
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the small ridge just behind the upper front teeth
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terms concerning the mouth
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dorsum
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the body and back of the tongue
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terms concerning the mouth
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palate
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the highest part of the roof of the mouth
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terms concerning the mouth
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tongue back
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the part of the tongue that is hindmost but still lies in the mouth
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terms concerning the mouth
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tongue blade
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the area of the tongue just behind the tip
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terms concerning the mouth
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tongue body
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the main mass of the tongue
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terms concerning the mouth
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tongue root
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the part of the tongue that is contained in the upper part of the throat
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terms concerning the mouth
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tongue tip
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the narrow area at the front of the tongue
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terms concerning the mouth
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uvula
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the small fleshy flap of tissue that hangs down from the velum
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terms concerning the mouth
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velum
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the soft area toward the rear of the roof of the mouth
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terms concerning the mouth
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alveopalatal
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the area just behind the alveolar ridge where the roof of the mouth rises sharply (also called palatoalveolar)
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types of sounds based on places (points) of articulation
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bilabial (sounds)
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involving both lips (e.g., p, b, and m are all bilabial consonants)
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types of sounds based on places (points) of articulation
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dentals
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sounds made with the tongue placed against or near the teeth
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types of sounds based on places (points) of articulation
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glottals
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sounds produced by using the vocal folds as the primary articulators (e.g., [h], [ʔ]).
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types of sounds based on places (points) of articulation
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interdental (sounds)
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sounds made with the tongue placed between the teeth (e.g., [ɵ],[ð]).
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types of sounds based on places (points) of articulation
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labials (sounds)
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sound made with closure or near closure of the lips (e.g., the initial sounds of win and forget)
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types of sounds based on places (points) of articulation
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labiodentals
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sounds involving the lower lip and upper teeth (e.g., the initial sounds of freedom and vintage)
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types of sounds based on places (points) of articulation
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labiovelar (sounds)
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sounds made with the tongue raised near the velum and the lips rounded at the same time (e.g., the initial sound of wound)
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types of sounds based on places (points) of articulation
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palatals
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sounds produced with the tongue on or near the palate (e.g., [j]).
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types of sounds based on places (points) of articulation
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pharyngeals
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sounds made through the modification of airflow in the pharynx by retracting the tongue or constricting the pharynx.
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types of sounds based on places (points) of articulation
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uvulars
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sounds made with the tongue touching or near the uvulars
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types of sounds based on places (points) of articulation
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velars
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sounds made with the tongue touching or near the velum (e.g., [ŋ], [k])
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types of sounds based on places (points) of articulation
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manners of articulation
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the various configurations produced by positioning the lips, tongue, velum, and glottis in different ways (e.g., nasal, fricative, liquid)
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general terms concerning manners of articulation
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nasal phones
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sound produced by lowering the velum, allowing air to pass through the nasal passages
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general terms concerning manners of articulation
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oral phones
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sounds produced with the velum raised and the airflow through the nasal passage cut off
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general terms concerning manners of articulation
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affricates
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noncontinuant consonants that show a slow release of closure (e.g., [tʃ], [dʒ])
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terms for consonant sounds based on manner of articulation
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aspiration
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the lag in the onset of vocalic voicing - accompanied by the release of air- that is heard after the release of certain stops in English (e.g., the first sound of top is aspirated)
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terms for consonant sounds based on manner of articulation
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continuants
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sounds that are produced with a continuous airflow through the mouth
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terms for consonant sounds based on manner of articulation
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flap
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a sound commonly identified with r and produced when the tongue tip strikes the alveolar ridge as it passes across it (e.g., in North American English, the medial consonant in bitter and bidder)
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terms for consonant sounds based on manner of articulation
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fricatives
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consonants produced with a continuous airflow through the mouth, accompanied by a continuous audible noise (e.g., [f], [ʃ})
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terms for consonant sounds based on manner of articulation
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laterals
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sounds made with the sides of the tongue lowered (e.g., varieties of l)
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terms for consonant sounds based on manner of articulation
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liquids
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a class of consonants containing l and r sounds and their variants
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terms for consonant sounds based on manner of articulation
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nonstridents
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coronal fricatives and affricates that have less acoustic noise than stridents (e.g., [θ, ð] are nonstridents)
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terms for consonant sounds based on manner of articulation
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retroflex
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sounds produced by curling the tongue tip back into the mouth (e.g., American english [r]).
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terms for consonant sounds based on manner of articulation
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sibilants
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the noiser coronal fricatives and affricates (in English, [s, z, ʃ, ʒ, tʃ, dʒ])
also called stridents |
terms for consonant sounds based on manner of articulation
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stops
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sounds made with a complete and momentary closure of airflow through the vocal tract (e.g., [p], [t], [k])
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terms for consonant sounds based on manner of articulation
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stridents
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the noiser coronal fricatives and affricates (in English, [s, z, ʃ, ʒ, tʃ, dʒ]) also called sibilants
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terms for consonant sounds based on manner of articulation
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syllabic liquids
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liquids that function as syllabic nuclei (e.g., the l in bottle)
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terms for consonant sounds based on manner of articulation
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syllabic nasals
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nasals that function as syllabic nuclei (e.g., the n in button)
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terms for consonant sounds based on manner of articulation
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back
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a feature of sounds articulated behind the palatal region in the oral cavity
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terms used for vowel sounds
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diphthongs
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a vowel that shows a noticeable change in quality within a single syllable (e.g., the vowel sounds in house and ride)
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terms used for vowel sounds
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front
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a vowel that is made with the tongue positioned in the front of the oral cavity (e.g., the vowel sounds in seal and bat)
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terms used for vowel sounds
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high
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a dorsal feature that characterizes sounds produced with the tongue body raised
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terms used for vowel sounds
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lax vowels
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a vowel that is made with a placement of the tongue that results in relatively less vocal tract constriction (e.g., the vowel sounds in hit and but)
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terms used for vowel sounds
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low(sound)
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a sound made with the tongue lowered (e.g., [a], [ɑ], [æ])
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terms used for vowel sounds
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mid vowels
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a vowel that is made with the tongue neither raised nor lowered (e.g., the vowel sounds in set and coke)
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terms used for vowel sounds
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reduced vowel
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a phonological characteristic of schwa [ə], indicating a weakly articulated, unstressed variant of stressed vowels.
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terms used for vowel sounds
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rounding
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the act of protruding the lips to make rounded sounds
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terms used for vowel sounds
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schwa
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the mid lax unrounded vowel that is characterized by briefer duration than any of the other vowels (also called a reduced vowel) (e.g., the underlined vowels in Canada, suppose
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terms used for vowel sounds
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association line
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a line linking a symbol that represents a sound segment with a symbol that represents a tone or feature
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terms concerning suprasegmental properties
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autosegmental notation
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the type of notation in phonology that links segments with tones or individual features by association lines
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terms concerning suprasegmental properties
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contour tones
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a tone that changes pitch on a single syllable
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terms concerning suprasegmental properties
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downdrift
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the maintenance of a distinction among the pitch registers of an utterance even as the overall pitch of the utterance falls.
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terms concerning suprasegmental properties
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intonation
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pitch movement in spoken utterances that is not related to differences in word meaning
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terms concerning suprasegmental properties
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length
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the subjective impression of time occupied by the duration of a phone
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terms concerning suprasegmental properties
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loudness
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the subjective impression of a speech sound's volume relative to the sounds around it
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terms concerning suprasegmental properties
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nonterminal (intonation)contour
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rising or level intonation at the end of an utterance, often signaling that the utterance is incomplete
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terms concerning suprasegmental properties
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nucleus
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a vocalic element that forms the core of a syllable (e.g., the vowel [æ] is the nucleus of the first syllable of Patrick)
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terms concerning suprasegmental properties
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pitch
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the auditory property of a sound that enables us to place it on a scale that ranges from low to high
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terms concerning suprasegmental properties
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primary stress
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the most prominent stress of a word
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terms concerning suprasegmental properties
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prosodic properties
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those properties of sounds that form part of their makeup no matter what their place or manner of articulation: pithc, loudness, and length (suprasegmental properties)
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terms concerning suprasegmental properties
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register tones
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a tone that has a stable pitch over a single syllable
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terms concerning suprasegmental properties
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secondary stress
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the second most prominent stress in a word
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terms concerning suprasegmental properties
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stress
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more prominent due to the combined effects of pitch, loudness, and length
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terms concerning suprasegmental properties
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suprasegmental
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above the individual speech sound (syllables are suprasegmental)
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terms concerning suprasegmental properties
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syllable
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a unit of linguistic structure that consists of a syllablic element and any segments that are associated with it.
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terms concerning suprasegmental properties
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terminal (intonation) contour
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falling intonation at the end of an utterance, signaling that the utterance is complete
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terms concerning suprasegmental properties
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tone
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pitch differences that signal differences in meaning
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terms concerning suprasegmental properties
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tone language
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a language in which differences in word meaning are signaled by differences in pitch
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terms concerning suprasegmental properties
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assimilation
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the influence of one segment on another, resulting in a sound becoming more like a nearby sound in terms of one or more of its phonetic characteristics (e.g., in English, vowels become nasal if followed by a nasal consonant)
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terms concerning sounds in context
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coarticulation
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an articulation in which phonemes overlap to a certain extent
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terms concerning sounds in context
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deletion
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a process that removes a segment from certain phonetic contexts (e.g., the pronunciation of fifths as [fɪfs]
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terms concerning sounds in context
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devoicing
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voicing assimilation in which a sound becomes voiceless because of a nearby voiceless sound (e.g., the l in place is devoiced because of the voiceless stop preceding it)
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terms concerning sounds in context
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dissimilation
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a process whereby one segment becomes less like another segment in its environment (e.g., anma 'soul' in a form of Latin became alma in Spanish)
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terms concerning sounds in context
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epenthesis
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a process that inserts a segment into a particular environment (e.g., the insertion of a schwa in the pronunciation of athlete as [æθəlit])
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terms concerning sounds in context
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flapping
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a phonetic process in which an alveolar stop is pronounced as a voiced flap between vowels, the first of which is generally stressed (e.g., [bʌtr] > [bʌɾr])
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terms concerning sounds in context
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metathesis
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a process that reorders a sequence of segments (e.g. in child language, pronouncing spaghetti as [pəskɛɾi]).
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terms concerning sounds in context
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nasalization
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the nasalizing effect that a nasal consonant can have on an adjacent vowel.
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terms concerning sounds in context
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processes
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articulatory adjustments that occur during the production of speech (e.g., deletion, epenthesis, assimilation)
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terms concerning sounds in context
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progressive assimilation
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assimilation in which a sound influences a following segment (e.g., liquid-glide devoicing).
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terms concerning sounds in context
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regressive assimilation
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assimilation in which a sound influences a preceding segment (e.g., nasalization in English)
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terms concerning sounds in context
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voicing assimilation
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assimilation in which one segment becomes more like a nearby segment in terms of voicing (e.g., liquid-glide devoicing)
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terms concerning sounds in context
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(vowel) reduction
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a process that converts a full vowel, typically unstressed, to the short, lax schwa
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terms concerning sounds in context
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lateral fricatives
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a lateral sound made with a narrow enough closure to be classified as a fricative
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sounds in world languages
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nasal vowels
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vowels produced with a lowered velum so that air passes through the oral and nasal cavities at the same time
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sounds in world languages
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trill
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an r-like sound that is made by passing air over the raised tongue tip, allowing it to vibrate
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sounds in world languages
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