Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
63 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Basic type of tissue that provides structural and metabolic support for other tissues and organs
|
Connective Tissue
|
|
|
Connective tissue proper has two classifications. What are they?
|
Loose Connective Tissue
Dense Connective Tissue |
|
|
Dense Connective Tissue has to sub categories. What are they?
|
Irregular
Regular |
|
|
What are the different sub categories of specialized connective tissue?
|
Cartilage
Bone Adipose Blood Hematopoietic |
|
|
What is a good example of dense regular connective tissue?
|
Tendon
|
|
|
What is a good example of dense irregular connective tissue?
|
Mammary Gland
|
|
|
What do fibroblasts do?
|
Produce the fibers and ground substance of the matrix
They have an active form and a Quiescent form |
|
|
How many major types of collagen are there?
|
4
I, II, III, IV |
|
|
Describe Type I Collagen
|
- Most abundant, widespread distribution
- Form dermis, organ capsules, bone, dentin, tendons, ligaments |
|
|
Describe Type II Collagen
|
Found mainly in cartilage
|
|
|
Describe Type III Collagen
|
The collagenous component of reticular fibers
|
|
|
Describe Type IV Collagen
|
Present in the basal lamina
|
|
|
What are the characteristics of Reticular Fibers?
|
- Fine, branching collagenous fibers.
- Type III collagen. - Not identifiable in H&E sections. - Visualized with PAS or silver stain. - Provide structural support for organs, such as pancreas, liver, spleen, and lymph nodes. |
|
|
What are Elastic Fibers composed of?
|
Composed of elastin glycoprotein and microfibrils.
Microfibrils serve as organizing structure for growing elastin |
|
|
What kind of stain is needed to visualize elastin in tissue sections?
|
Verhoeff’s stain
|
|
|
What occurs as branching fibers and as sheets?
|
Elastic Fibers
|
|
|
What are the ancestors of most native cells of adult connective tissue?
|
Mesenchymal cells
|
|
|
What are the characteristics that describe macrophages?
|
- Phagocytic cells.
- Retain capacity for cell division. - Derived from blood monocytes. - Act as antigen-presenting cells to B-lymphocytes |
|
|
What are the characteristics of Plasma Cells?
|
- Antibody-producing cell.
- Derived from B-lymphocytes. - Found in lymph nodes, spleen, and connective tissue. - Not found in bloodstream. - Prominent RER, Golgi, and ‘cartwheel’ nucleus. |
|
|
What are the characteristics of Mast Cells?
|
- Long-lived cells in connective tissue.
- Usually located near blood vessels. - Metachromatic granules. |
|
|
What are Metachromatic Granules?
What do they cause? |
Granules released in response to trauma or allergic reaction
Causes Inflammation |
|
|
What do Metachromatic Granules release?
|
Release heparin, histamine, and eosinophilic chemotactic factor
|
|
|
How would you describe Adipocytes?
|
- Unilocular fat cells
- White adipose tissue. - Small lipid droplets in cytoplasm fuse to form a large droplet. - Lipid storage and mobilization. |
|
|
How would you describe Multiocular Adipose Tissue?
|
- Brown fat.
- Thermogenic (generates heat in newborns). - Mitochondrial enzymes uncoupled to ATP synthesis; energy liberated as heat. |
|
|
Where is Superficial deposits of Multiocular Adipose tissue found?
|
- post. triangle
- interscapular |
|
|
Where do you find deep deposits of Multiocular Adipose tissue?
|
- retrosternal
- ant. vert. column - around kidneys |
|
|
______ appear transiently in C.T. as part of inflammatory reaction to injury
|
Immigrant cells
|
|
|
Lymphocytes are charaterized as...
What are the two types of lymphocytes? |
Small cell with dark spheroid nucleus and little cytoplasm.
T & B Lymphocytes |
|
|
What do T Lymphocytes do?
|
Cell-mediated immunity
|
|
|
What do B Lymphocytes do?
|
Differentiate into plasma cells to produce antibody
|
|
|
How would you characterize eosinophils?
|
- Short-lived granulocyte.
- Found in blood and connective tissue. - Migrates into C.T. in response to chemotactic factors. - Has anti-inflammatory action (histaminidase). - Increase in number in response to allergies or parasitic infections. |
|
|
What are the characteristic of Neutrophils?
|
- Most abundant granulocyte.
- First line of defense against infection. - Phagocytizes bacteria - Specific granules contain antibacterial enzymes. - Cannot undergo cell division. - Found in tissue during acute phase of infection as pus. |
|
|
How do Neutrophils enter connective tissue?
|
Between endothelial cells: diapedesis
|
|
|
How do you describe the characteristics of cartilage?
|
- CT specialized for structural support.
- Flexible and compressible. - Forms fetal skeleton. - Avascular, no lymphatics or nerves. - Receives nutrients via diffusion. - Composed of chondrocytes and extracellular matrix |
|
|
What are the three types of cartilage?
|
Hyaline
Elastic Fibrocartilage |
|
|
How do you describe Hyaline cartilage?
|
Type II collagen, GAGs, proteoglycans
|
|
|
How do you describe Elastic cartilage?
|
Elastic fibers in matrix
|
|
|
How do you describe Fibrocartilage?
|
Type I collagen also in matrix
|
|
|
Where are Chondrocytes located?
|
Located on potential spaces that called lacunae
|
|
|
What is the Territorial Matrix?
|
Matrix immediately surrounding lacunae.
Sulfated proteoglycans are basophilic |
|
|
Where is the Interterritorial Matrix located?
|
Matrix between groups of chondrocytes
|
|
|
Where is the Perichondrium located?
|
Dense irregular CT surrounding cartilage
|
|
|
What are two layers of the Perichondrium?
|
Outer Fibrous Layer
Inner Chondrogenic Layer |
|
|
What composes the Outer Fibrous Layer?
|
Type I collagen and fibroblasts
|
|
|
What composes the Inner Chondrogenic Layer?
|
- Contains cells that give rise to chondroblasts.
- Chondroblasts become chondrocytes and produce Type II collagen |
|
|
What is not present on articular surfaces?
|
Perichondrium
|
|
|
What is the first phase of cartilage formation?
|
Centers of chondrification form during development
|
|
|
What is the second phase of cartilage formation?
|
- Mesenchymal cells differentiate into chondroblasts.
- Secrete matrix, and chondrocytes become entrapped in lacunae |
|
|
What is the third phase of cartilage formation?
|
Chondrocytes produce cartilage matrix
|
|
|
What is the fourth phase of cartilage formation?
|
Chondrocytes undergo cell division – form isogenous groups
|
|
|
Describe Apositional Cartilage Growth
|
- New cartilage forms at surface of existing cartilage.
- From perichondrium |
|
|
Describe Interstitial Cartilage Growth
|
- New cartilage forms within an existing cartilage mass.
- Chondrocytes undergo cell division. - Form isogenous groups. -->Secrete matrix. -->Cells pushed away from each other, thus enlarging cartilage from within. |
|
|
What kind of matrix is Hyaline cartilage?
What collagen type is it? |
Homogeneous matrix.
Type II collagen |
|
|
Where is Hyaline cartilage commonly found?
|
Fetal skeleton, articular cartilage, epiphyseal plates, costal cartilage of ribs, nasal cartilages, trachea, bronchi, cricoid and thyroid cartilage.
|
|
|
What is Elastic Cartilage made of?
|
Elastic fibers (elastin) in matrix.
Also has some Type II collagen |
|
|
What is very abundant in Elastic Cartilage?
|
Chondrocytes
|
|
|
Where is Elastic Cartilage commonly found?
|
External ear
External auditory meatus Eustachian tube Epiglottis |
|
|
What type of stain is needed to view elastic fibers?
|
Verhoff’s stain
|
|
|
What is present in Elastic Cartilage?
|
Perichondrium present
|
|
|
What is Fibrocatilage made of?
|
- Combination of hyaline cartilage and dense regular CT.
- Type I collagen bundles visible in matrix. |
|
|
What are the groups found in Fibrocartilage?
What groups are present? |
Isogenous groups.
No perichondrium |
|
|
Where is fibrocartilage commonly found?
|
Articular disks, menisci, pubic symphysis, intervertebral disks, sites of insertion of ligaments and tendons into bone
|
|
|
In fibrocartilage how are chondrocytes arranged?
|
Present singularly, in rows, or in isogenous groups.
|
