Concepts Exam 2

Front 1

What are the main three branches of the immune system?

Back 1

Humoral immunity

Cellular immunity (cell mediated)

Nonspecific

Front 2

What type of lymphocytes does humoral immunity use?

Back 2

B lymphocytes

Front 3

What type of reaction is cellular immunity involved with?

Back 3

Type IV - delayed reactions

Front 4

What are the five types of immunoglobin (Ig)?

Back 4

IgA

IgD

IgE

IgG

IgM

Front 5

What does atopic mean?

Back 5

Hereditary tendency to develop immediate allergic reactions

Front 6

What antibodies does Humoral immunity contain?

Back 6

Antibodies known as immunoglobulins (Ig)

Front 7

T/F

Antigen is any substance that triggers the immune system

Back 7

True

Front 8

Absence seizure is most common among which age group?

Back 8

Children

Front 9

T/F

Epilepsy for which there is no known cause is called idiopathic epilepsy

Idiopathic epilepsy is more common than acquired epilepsy

Back 9

Both statements are true

Front 10

T/F

A patient may stop breathing during a tonic-clonic seizure

Back 10

True

Front 11

T/F

Consciousness is lost or altered in all forms of epileptic seizures.

Back 11

False - consciousness is usually not lost or altered in focal simple LOCALIZED seizures

Front 12

Hydrocephalus is a condition characterized by:

Back 12

Excessive accumulation of fluid in the brain

Front 13

Which symptom would you most see in a patient with dysphasia?

Back 13

Food retention in the buccal vestibule due to difficulty in swallowing

Front 14

One of the first signs of myasthenia gravis is ptosis. What do you expect to see?

Back 14

Dropping of the eyelids

Front 15

During a myasthenic crisis, a patient will have difficulty:

Back 15

Maintaining airway for breathing

Front 16

Which neurotransmitter seems to be o in patients with Parkinson’s disease:

Back 16

Dopamine

Front 17

“Pin rolling” motion of the fingers is associated with which of the following:

Back 17

Parkinson’s

Front 18

Beta amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles are associated with which condition:

Back 18

Alzheimer’s disease

Front 19

Status epileptic is is treated by administering:

Back 19

An injection of diazepam (Valium)

Front 20

Approximately what percentage of persons receiving phenytoin experience gingival enlargement?

Back 20

50%

Front 21

Status epilepticus refers to a:

Back 21

Series of repeated seizures without any recovery in between each one

Front 22

T/F

Multiple sclerosis is an autoimmune disorder that causes destruction of the acetycholine receptors on the skeletal muscles

Back 22

False

Front 23

Multiple sclerosis is

Back 23

An autoimmune disease characterized by scarring and hardening of the sheath around the nerves in the brain, spinal cord and optic nerve.

Front 24

Which immunoglobulin is the most abundant? And the second most abundant?

Back 24

IgG

IgA

Front 25

What does Exophthalamous mean?

Back 25

Protruding eyeballs

Front 26

What does polydipsia mean?

Back 26

Excessive thirst

Front 27

The best time to schedule dental hygiene maintenance visits for a patient on hemodialysis is

Back 27

The day after dialysis treatment

Front 28

The presence of excessive amounts of waste products in the blood is known as

Back 28

Uremia

Front 29

T/F

Hepatitis D does not occur unless the person is also infected with Hepatitis B

Back 29

True

Front 30

Which type of hepatitis is not blood-borne?

Back 30

A & E

Front 31

T/F

Infection with a type of hepatitis, which is transmitted through focal-oral roots will usually result in career state.

Back 31

False

Front 32

Which of the following is not a function of the liver?

1)Aid in erythropoesis

2) filtration some of blood

3) conversion of sugars to glycogen

4) excretion of bilirubin

Back 32

1

Front 33

What are some likely effects of the immunosuppressant drugs kidney transplant patients take?

Back 33

Gingiva hyperplasia, and an increase in infections

Front 34

What are some symptoms of chronic renal failure?

Back 34

Increase bleeding tendencies, susceptibility to infection and metallic taste

Front 35

T/F

Hypothyroidism that occurs in adults is called myxedema.

Back 35

True

Front 36

T/F

Hypothyroidism that occurs in children is called cretenism.

Back 36

True

Front 37

What is the most common cause of Cerebrovascular Accident (CVA)?

Back 37

Cerebral ischemia/infarction

Front 38

What is another name for Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA)?

Back 38

Ministroke

Front 39

An embolus is…

Back 39

A detached clot

Front 40

A thrombus is…

Back 40

A attached clot

Front 41

What is the most common cause of cerebral hemorrhage?

Back 41

Injury

Front 42

What type of blood disease is Polycythemia?

Back 42

A blood cancer

Front 43

T/F

Polycythemia causes bone marrow to produce too little red blood cells, causing thinning of blood.

Back 43

FALSE

it causes it to produce TOO MANY RBC making blood thicker and slowing down flow, causing serious problems such a as blood clots

Front 44

What neurological disease causes severe vertigo, and what cranial nerve does it affect?

Back 44

Meniere’s disease & 8th cranial nerve

Front 45

What neurological disease causes severe facial pain? What cranial nerve?

Back 45

Tic douloureux & 5th cranial nerve

Front 46

Lack of the transmitter of dopamine is related to which disease?

Back 46

Parkinson’s

Front 47

An autoimmune disease precipitated by VIRUS

Back 47

Multiple sclerosis

Front 48

What are some key S/S for myasthenia gravis

Back 48

Ptosis, Weak muffled voice, lack of facial expression, disturbed speech and dysphagia

Front 49

Which immunoglobin is most abundant in saliva?

Back 49

IgA

Front 50

T/F

diabetes Type II usually begins at a young age

Back 50

False

Diabetes type I

Front 51

Medical term for large fluid vesicles

Back 51

Urticaria

Front 52

What are the two things that are unique to an allergic reaction?

Back 52

- unpredictable

- not an specific dose dependent

Front 53

What type of diabetes is a result of an auto immune response that destroys the beta cells of the pancreas?

Back 53

Type I

Front 54

What type of diabetes may be controlled in some patients through weight loss, increased physical activity, and diet changes?

Back 54

Type II

Front 55

What type of diabetes has significant risk factors that include family history and obesity?

Back 55

Type II

Front 56

What disease causes the patient’s voice to sound funny?

Back 56

Angioedema

Angio- Blood vessels

Edema - Swelling

Front 57

What does atopic mean?

Back 57

Hereditary

Front 58

What INR reading will be considered safe to receive treatment?

Back 58

2-3

Front 59

What is coarctation of the aorta?

Back 59

Aorta is too narrow

Front 60

T/F

Most shunting (shoving of blood) is from right to left

Back 60

false

It is from left to right because pressure on the left is greater

Front 61

The immunoglobulin found in large quantities in saliva?

Back 61

IgA

Front 62

Up to how many doses of nitroglycerin can a patient be given?

Back 62

3 doses

Front 63

Name the most life threatening type of cardiac arrhythmia

Back 63

Ventricular fibrillation

Front 64

Describe Heart shunting

Back 64

It’s caused by a hole on the septum that makes blood to get shoved to the right side, creating volume overload of blood on the right side, leading to muscular hypertrophy and begin to fail

Front 65

What patent ducts arteriosos causes to the heart?

Back 65

It causes extra blood to flow into the lungs, leading to left to right shunt, pulmonary hypertension and overburdens the heart

Front 66

What Coarctation of aorta causes to the heart?

Back 66

It blocks normal blood to the body, making hearts muscles to work harder.

Front 67

What is sensitizing dose

Back 67

Initial exposure to antigen

Front 68

What is challenge dose?

Back 68

When histamine is released causing physical reaction anaphylaxis (severe allergic reaction)

Front 69

Define Pruritis

Back 69

Itching

Front 70

Name the route most likely to sensitize a person to an allergic reaction to penicillin

Back 70

Topical

Front 71

Name the route most likely to sensitize a person to an allergic reaction to penicillin

Back 71

Topical

Front 72

Name the root, most likely to produce severe allergic reaction in a previously sensitized patient

Back 72

Injection (most likely penicillin)

Front 73

Antigen vs. allergen

Back 73

Antigen is anything that stimulates an immune response, whereas allergen is anything that stimulates an allergic response.

Front 74

Allergic dermatitis is an example of which type of reaction

Back 74

Type IV

Front 75

What are the two types of Generalized Epilepsy

Back 75

Tonic-Clonic

Absence

Front 76

Which type of Focal Epilepsy causes the patient not to remember?

Back 76

Focal complex

Front 77

What are the stages of Tonic-Clonic Epilepsy?

Back 77

1. Predromal

2. Convulsive

3. Postitcal

Front 78

What are the stages of Tonic-Clonic Epilepsy?

Back 78

1. Predromal

2. Convulsive

3. Postitcal

Front 79

What are the three stages of the Convulsive stage of the Tonic-Clonic Epilepsy?

Back 79

1 Epileptic cry

2. Tonic

3. Clonic

Front 80

Which type of epilepsy is OFTEN mistaken by daydreaming?

Back 80

Generalized Absence

Front 81

The Tetralogy of Fallot is:

Back 81

1. Pulmonary Stenosis

2. Right ventricular hypertrophy

3. Overriding Aorta

4. Ventricular Septal defect

Front 82

Which cranial nerve disorder causes disorders that causes severe vertigo? Which cranial nerve?

Back 82

Meniere’s Disease

8th CN

Front 83

Which cranial nerve disorder causes disorders that causes severe vertigo? Which cranial nerve?

Back 83

Meniere’s Disease

8th CN

Front 84

Which cranial disease causes severe facial pain? Which cranial nerve?

Back 84

Tic Douloureux

5th CN

Front 85

Which stage of tonic-clonic aura happens?

Back 85

Stage 1- prodromal

Front 86

For chronic hepatitis B, it’s important to know that…

Back 86

Anticipate increased bleeding and decreased drug metabolism

Front 87

Which hepatitis have a risk of becoming chronic carrier state?

Back 87

hep B & C

Front 88

Type of seizure that there is no warning

Back 88

Focal simple

Front 89

Shunting in Teratology of Fallot occurs from _______ to ______, whereas most shunting happens from _____ to ______

Back 89

Teratology of fallout -Right to left

Shunting - left to right

Front 90

How are renal failure and hypertension are correlated?

Back 90

Hypertension can cause nephrons to burst

Renal failure causes excessive fluid (urine) in the blood, causing hypertension

Front 91

Position for management for Tonic-Clonic

Back 91

Supine position

Front 92

What’s the most cause of death from anaphylaxis?

Back 92

Angioedema in the throat

Front 93

The two chemical mediators involved in anaphylaxis?

Back 93

Histamine & Leukotrienes

Front 94

What are the three things that need premed?

Back 94

Congenital heart defect

Prosthetic valve

Previous endocarditis

Front 95

T/F

Angioedema is always life threatening, no matter where it happens

Back 95

False.

It’s not life-threatening in the genitals and feet

Front 96

If status epileptics go untreated, it may cause

Back 96

Cerebral anoxia - which may cause brain damage

Front 97

What does Nitroglycerin do that helps with angina pectoraris?

Back 97

Nitroglycerin is a vasodilator

Front 98

Key facts for management of a seizure:

Back 98

- supine and on the floor if possible

- turn pt to the side

- DO NOT place anything between pt. teeth

Front 99

T/F

Diabetes type I is insulin resistant while diabetes type II is insulin dependent

Back 99

False

Front 100

Myasthenia Gravis (MG) is..

Back 100

Autoimmune disease characterized by weakness of skeletal muscles

Front 101

Which type of diabetes pt is more likely to suffer a hypoglycemic episode?

Back 101

Type I - 90% of the time

Front 102

Management for unconscious hypoglycemic

Back 102

IM glucagon injection

Front 103

Cushing’s disease refers to….. of cortisol…. which causes….

Back 103

Hypersecretion of Cortisol

Moon face, buffalo hump, abdominal distention

It decreases resistance to infection and stress

Front 104

Addison is…

Back 104

Hyposecretion of cortisol

Front 105

What are the three groups of hormones secreted by the adrenal cortex

Back 105

Glucocorticoid: anti-inflammatory hat helps body cope during times of stress

Mineralocorticosteroid: maintains fluid and electrolyte balance. Maintain BP

Androgens: sex hormones

Front 106

A S/S hyperthyroidism hypothyroidism share is….

Back 106

Goiter (enlarged thyroid) more common in hyper

Front 107

Patient presents with excessive sweating, mental confusion, pale skin, rapid pulse, aggressive behavior and about to faint. What could it be?

Back 107

Hypoglycemia

Front 108

Patient presents with a fruity odor, flushed skin, polyuria and polydipsia, what could it likely be?

Back 108

Diabetic Coma

Front 109

Oral complications for diabetes:

Back 109

Xerostomia, delayed wound healing, resistance to infection,burning mouth, increase in caries and periodontal disease

Front 110

What are the two factors that makes atopic patients to have a higher chance to develop immediate allergic reactions?

Back 110

Largar than normal amount of IgE

More likely to die from anaphylaxis

Front 111

Which type of allergic reaction is the most life threatening?

Back 111

Type I

Front 112

Which type of allergic reaction is the most life threatening?

Back 112

Type I

Front 113

Which type of allergic reaction is associated with cellular immunity (cell-mediated)?

Back 113

Type IV - delayed

Front 114

Most common cause of contact dermatitis in dentistry?

Back 114

Latex from gloves

Front 115

An example of a type I allergic reaction

Back 115

Urticaria - Hives

Front 116

A blood disorder that results in a decrease in the number of circulating erythrocytes would be classified as:

Back 116

Anemia

Front 117

Hemophilia A is characterized by a deficiency of

Back 117

Factor VII

Front 118

Hemophilia A is characterized by a deficiency of

Back 118

Factor VIII

Front 119

The bleeding disorder most likely to be seen in a patient with history of chronic alcohol abuse is:

Back 119

Folate deficiency anemia

Hemolytic anemia

Front 120

The condition of thrombocytopenia is due to:

Back 120

Reduction in the number of platelets

Front 121

All of the following are inherited bleeding disorders except one. Which one is the exception?

Back 121

Pernicious anemia

Front 122

During the intra-oral exam you note that the patient’s tongue appears smooth and shiny, the patient says that lately their tongue has felt painful and burning. Which is most likely the cause?

Back 122

Iron deficiency anemia

Front 123

Osteonecrosis of the jaw is due to exposure to which cancer therapy?

Back 123

Biphosphonate

Front 124

In which situations is administering high concentrations of oxygen is contraindicated?

Back 124

Hyperventilation

COPD

Front 125

A lack of oxygenated blood flow to the brain and known as:

Back 125

Cerebral ishemia

Front 126

A lack of oxygenated blood flow to the brain and known as:

Back 126

Cerebral ishemia

Front 127

What are some non-psychogenic reasons for vas depressor syncope?

Back 127

Hunger, poor physical condition, hot environments

Front 128

Signs of syncope

Back 128

Dilated pupils, dizziness, feeling cold, hypotension and low heart rate

Front 129

Best dental appointment time for patients with asthma, cystic fibrosis, COPD:

Back 129

Late morning or late afternoon

Front 130

What is the ideology of Atheroclerosis?

Back 130

Inner layer of artery walls become thicken and stiff due to hard deposits of fatty substance called Atheromas

Front 131

What is the disease often called hardening of the arteries?

Back 131

Arteriosclerosis

Front 132

Best position for Angina?

Back 132

Semi-upright

Front 133

Best position for Angina?

Back 133

Semi-upright

Front 134

Drug administered for MI

Back 134

Nitroglycerin & aspirin

Front 135

T/F

Antibiotic coverage is indicated for pacemaker.

Back 135

False

Front 136

What position a conscious patient who swallowed an object?

Back 136

Feet over head - Trendelunberg

Front 137

T/F

99% of the time, heart failure happens on the left side of the heart

Back 137

True

Front 138

A completely unconscious patient will most likely have a full obstruction from?

Back 138

Tongue

Front 139

Which type of hepatitis there are vaccines for

Back 139

Hep A & B

Front 140

Pathphysiology of Emphysema

Back 140

Flabby walls, make air get trapped in the walls, making patient unable to exhale

Front 141

What are the two most common COPD?

Back 141

Chronic bronchitis

Emphysema

Front 142

Name the oral bacteria, associated with peptic ulcers

Back 142

H. pylori

Front 143

Drugs, most likely to precipitate an extrinsic asthma attack

Back 143

NSAIDs

Front 144

T/F

Intrinsic asthma is most common in children and young adults

Back 144

False

EXTRINSIC asthma is most common in kids and young adults

Front 145

Unique feature for Vasodepressor syncope

Back 145

Tongue may obstruct airway

Front 146

Best positioning for Vasodepressor syncope

Back 146

SUPINE

Front 147

Management for acute asthma attack

Back 147

Bronchodilator and O2

Front 148

Most useful drug in the kit

Back 148

Oxygen

Front 149

Non critical drug used for syncope and it is a respiratory stimulant?

Back 149

Amônia

Front 150

In what position syncope usually occurs?

Back 150

Upright

Front 151

Positioning for Emphysema

Back 151

Semi supine position

Front 152

Which drugs of abuse have a dangerous interaction with vasoconstrictor in local?

Back 152

CNS stimulants

Front 153

Leading cause for heart failure

Back 153

Hypertension

Front 154

What is a disease that may mimic a heart attack?

Back 154

GERD (heartburn)

Front 155

What pain meds could be given to a patient with GERD

Back 155

acetaminophen