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75 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what is information system
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hardware, software, data people and procedures that work together to produce quality info
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what is a system
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set of components that interact to achieve common goal
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what are the phases of the system development cycle
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1) Planning- Review project requests
Prioritize project requests Allocate resources Form project development team 2)Analysis - Conduct preliminary investigation Perform detailed analysis activities: Study current system Determine user requirements Recommend solution 3) Design- Acquire hardware and software, if necessary Develop details of system 4) Implementation- Develop programs, if necessary Install and test new system Train users Convert to new system 5)-Operating, Support, and Security- Perform maintenance activities Monitor system performance Assess system security |
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What is a systems analyst
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Responsible for designing and developing information system
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What is the project team?
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-Formed to work on project from beginning to end
-Consists of users, systems analyst, and other IT professionals |
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What is project management?
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Process of planning, scheduling, and controlling activities during system development cycle
Project leader identifies elements for project |
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What is a Gantt chart?
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Popular tool used to plan and schedule large, complex projects
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What is project management software?
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Program used by project leaders to plan, schedule, and control development projects
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What is feasibility?
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Measure of how suitable system development will be to the company
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Four feasibility tests:
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-Operational feasibility
-Schedule feasibility -Technical feasibility -Economic feasibility (also called cost/benefit feasibility) |
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What is documentation?
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Collection and summarization of data and information
-Includes reports, diagrams, programs, and other deliverables |
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What is the preliminary investigation?
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Determine exact nature of problem or improvement and whether it is worth pursuing
--Findings are presented in feasibility report, also known as a feasibility study |
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What is detailed analysis?
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1. Study how current system works
2. Determine user’s wants, needs, and requirements 3. Recommend solution Sometimes called logical design |
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What is process modeling?
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Technique that describes processes that transform inputs into outputs
Also called structured analysis and design |
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Three tools used for process modeling
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-Entity-relationship diagrams
-Data flow diagrams -Project dictionary |
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What is a data flow diagram (DFD)?
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Tool that graphically shows flow of data in system
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What is object modeling?
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in software today we use object oriented methodology
(Combines data with the processes that act on data into single unit called an object) |
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What is a use case diagram?
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Graphically shows how actors interact with information system
Actor= user or other entity Use case= function that actor can perform |
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What are possible solutions?
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Buy packaged software—prewritten software available for purchase
- Horizontal market software= meets needs of many co. -Vertical market software= designed for particular industry Write own custom software—software developed at user’s request Outsource—have outside source develop software |
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What is an example of outsourcing?
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Using Internet solutions provider
Internet solutions provider provides Web hosting services |
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What is the design phase?
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Acquire hardware and software
Develop all details of new or modified information system |
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What is a mockup?
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Sample of input or output that contains actual data
-external co. show you "outer skin" of program- not the acutal system not a working model |
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What is a prototype?
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Working model of proposed system
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What is computer-aided software engineering (CASE)?
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Software tools designed to support activities of system development cycle
Examples of what CASE can do: -Project repository—Stores diagrams, specifications, descriptions, programs, and other deliverables -Graphics—Enables drawing of diagrams -Prototyping—Creates models of proposed system -Quality assurance—Analyzes deliverables for accuracy -Code generators—Create actual computer programs from design specifications -Housekeeping—Establishes user accounts and provides backup and recovery functions |
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What is an inspection?
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Step-by-step review by project team and users of any system development cycle deliverable
Used to review detailed design specifications before they are given to programming team Identifies any errors and allows IT personnel to correct them Used throughout entire system development cycle to review a variety of deliverables |
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What is the implementation phase?
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Purpose is to construct, or build, new or modified system and then deliver it to users
convert to new system-train users-install and test new system- develp programs |
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What is the program development cycle?
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Programmers write programs from specifications
Follows six steps 1- analyze requirements 2- design solution 3- validate design 4- implement design 5- test solution 6- document solution |
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What is a computer program?
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Series of instructions that directs computer to perform tasks
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What are low-level languages
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Machine-dependent runs only on one type of computer
Machine and assembly languages are low-level |
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What are high-level languages?
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Often machine-independent can run on many different types of computers and operating systems
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What is machine language?
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Only language computer directly recognizes
Uses a series of binary digits (1s and 0s) with a combination of numbers and letters that represent binary digits ** still use machine lang. when using high speed applications - ex diaper machine ** use strictly #s |
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What is assembly language?
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Instructions made up of symbolic instruction codes, meaningful abbreviations and codes
-Source program contains code to be converted to machine language 1) a step up from machine lang 2)has some characters in it |
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What is COBOL?
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-Designed for business applications
-English-like statements make code easy to read, write, and maintain -COmmon Business-Oriented Language *** Still used today (English like lang. ex. Fortran (science/academia world) |
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What is C?
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-Powerful language originally designed to write system software
-Requires professional programming skills ex. Vista, Office Programs |
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What is an object-oriented programming (OOP) language?
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Used to implement object-oriented design
-Major benefit is ability to reuse existing objects -Event-driven—checks for and responds to set of events first OOP = Java others are C++, C# and visual basic |
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What is Java?
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-Developed by Sun Microsystems
-Similar to C++ but uses just-in-time (JIT) compiler to convert source code into machine code ** object-oriented version of C |
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What is C++?
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-Includes all elements of C, plus additional features for working with object-oriented concepts
-Used to develop database and Web applications **ex People soft |
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What is C#?
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-Object-oriented programming language based on C++
-Accepted as a standard for Web applications and XML-based Web services -Uses a JIT compiler -Resulting code is called Microsoft Intermediate Language (MSIL) ** has nice background, programmers can debug it |
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What is a visual programming language?
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Provides visual or graphical interface for creating source code
---- Visual programming environment (VPE) allows developers to drag and drop objects to build programs *Sometimes called fifth-generation language Often used in RAD (rapid application development) environment ----Programmer writes and implements program in segments |
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What is Visual Studio?
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-.NET is set of technologies that allows program to run on Internet
-Comprised of Visual Basic, Visual C++, Visual C#, and Visual J# |
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What is HTML (Hypertext Markup Language)?
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Used to create Web pages
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What is the common gateway interface (CGI)?
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Communications standard that defines how Web server communicates with outside sources
--CGI script—program that manages sending and receiving across CGI |
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What is a scripting language?
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-JavaScript
-Perl (Practical Extraction and Report Language) -PHP (PHP: Hypertext Preprocessor) -Rexx (Restructured eXtended eXecutor) -TCL (Tool Command Language) -VBScript (Visual Basic, Scripting Edition) |
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What is Ajax?
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-Stands for Asynchronous JavaScript and XML
-Method of creating interactive Web applications designed to provide immediate response **used to create animation -Combines JavaScript, HTML or XHTML, and XML -Google Maps and Flickr use Ajax |
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What is an expert system?
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Captures and stores knowledge of human experts and then imitates human reasoning and decision making
Consists of 2 parts: 1)knowledge base—combined subject knowledge and experiences of human experts 2)inference rules—set of logical judgments applied to the knowledge base ** make compt think like human ex. health care industry |
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What is the expected demand for computer professionals?
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-Currently 10.5 million computer workers with expected increase of 2 to 3% annually
-The number of students majoring in computer-related fields is declining |
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What is an IT department?
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-Department in business or government agency that employs people in computer-related jobs
-Responsible for keeping all computer operations and networks operating smoothly |
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What is the computer equipment field?
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-Manufacturers and distributors of computers and computer-related hardware
-Careers involve design, manufacture, and production of computer equipment |
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What is the computer software field?
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-Companies that develop, manufacture, and support software
ex. Project leader analyzes requirements, designs solutions, and oversees software development process ex.Programmer writes and tests computer programs ex.Software engineer designs and develops software ex.Computer scientist researches, invents, and develops solutions to complex software problems |
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What is the computer service and repair field?
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-Provides preventative maintenance, component installation, and repair services
-Computer technician—installs, maintains, and repairs hardware |
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What are career opportunities in computer sales?
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Computer salespeople need general understanding of computers and specific knowledge of the product they are selling
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What are career opportunities in education and training?
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Schools, colleges, universities, and private companies need educators and trainers
-Corporate trainers teach employees how to use software, design and develop systems, and program |
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What is an IT consultant?
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Individual who draws upon expertise in specialized area of computers
-compt. selection, system design, communications, hardware and software configurations, network design and installation, web develp |
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What is computer information systems (CIS)?
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-Programs that emphasize technical knowledge and skills
-Sometimes called management information systems (MIS) or management information technology |
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What is computer science (CS)?
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Programs that stress theoretical side of programming and operating systems
-Also called software engineering |
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What is computer engineering (CE)?
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-Teaches students how to design and develop the electrical components found in computers and peripheral devices
-Teaches students how to design and develop the electrical components found in computers and peripheral devices |
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How do companies advertise computer-related job openings?
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Some Web sites specialized in helping people find jobs
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What is a user group?
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Collection of people with common computer equipment or software interests
ex. apple user group, c/c++ user group, .NET user group |
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What is professional growth and continuing education?
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Events such as workshops, seminars, conferences, conventions, and trade shows
(-CES—trade show that brings together hundreds of vendors and more than 140,000 attendees) -Training in form of books, video-based training, computer-based training (CBT), Web-based training (WBT), and instructor-led training |
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What is the program development cycle?
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Steps programmers use to build computer programs
-Programming team—Group of programmers working on program |
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What is involved in analyzing the requirements?
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1-Review requirements
2-Meet with systems analyst and users 3-identify input, output, processing, and data components IPO chart- chart—Identifies program’s inputs, outputs, and processing steps |
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What is involved in designing the solution?
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Devise solution algorithm, step-by-step procedure to solve problem
Two approaches: 1-Object-oriented design 2-Structured design, sometimes called top-down design ----Programmer begins with general design and moves toward detailed design |
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What is a hierarchy chart?
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Shows program modules graphically
Also called structure chart |
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What is object-oriented (OO) design?
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Programmer packages data and procedure into single unit, an object
-Objects are grouped into classes -Class diagram represents hierarchical relationships of classes graphically |
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What is a sequence control structure?
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Control structure that shows actions following each other in order
-Control structure depicts logical order of program instructions |
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What is a selection control structure?
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Tells program which action to take, based on a certain condition
Two types: 1-Case control structure 2-If-then-else control structure—yields one of two possibilities: true or false |
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What is a case control structure?
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Yields one of three or more possibilities
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What is a repetition control structure?
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Enables program to perform one or more actions repeatedly
-Do-while control structure—repeats as long as condition is true -Do-until control structure—repeats until condition is true |
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What is a program flowchart?
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Graphically shows logic in solution algorithm
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What is flowcharting software?
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Used by programmers to develop flowcharts
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What is pseudocode?
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Uses condensed form of English to convey program logic
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What is involved in validating the design?
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Check program design for accuracy
-Desk check programmers use test data to step through logic -Test data sample data that mimics real data that program will process Programmer checks logic for correctness and attempts to uncover logic errors --Logic error design flaw that causes inaccurate results --Inspection systems analyst reviews deliverables during the system development cycle |
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What is implementation?
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Writing the code that translates the design into a program
-Syntax—rules that specify how to write instructions -Comments—program documentation **Extreme programming (XP)—coding and testing as soon as requirements are defined |
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What is involved in testing the solution?
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Ensure program runs correctly and is error free
-Debugging—locating and correcting syntax and logic errors, or bugs -Test copy of program, called beta, sometimes used to find bugs |
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What is involved in documenting the solution?
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Programmer performs two activities
1-Reviews program code—removes dead code, program instructions that program never executes 2-Reviews documentation |
