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52 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Harmonia
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Balance of the spiritual, appetitive, and rational
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Fallacy
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Any unsound mode of arguing, which appears to demand our conviction, and to be decisive of the question at hand, when in fairness it is not
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4 examples of fallacies of reasoning
Eve Ate Canned Sardines |
1. Example (not supported/relevant)
2. Analogies (are items compared similar) 3. Cause (can there be other causes) 4. Sign (relation does not mean correlation) |
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4 examples of fallacies of language
All vegetables look green |
1. ambiguity (definition of words)
2. verbalism (being unnecessarily wordy) 3. loaded language (emotional words) 4. grammatical structure |
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Pseudoarguments
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fallacies created (by accident or design) by distortion, confusion, manipulation, or avoidance of the matters at issue or by substitution of matters not germane to the issue
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First 3 examples of pseudoarguments
Oats Are Icky |
1. Offering irrelevancy (beyond limits)
2. Arguing in a circle 3. Ignoring the issue (off topic) |
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Hierarchy of evidence (best to worst)
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Journals
Books (recent) Government documents Newspapers Magazines Websites |
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Coercion
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The threat or use of force
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Persuasion
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Communication intended to influence the acts, beliefs, attitudes, and values of others
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Propaganda
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the use of persuasion by a group in a sustained, organized campaign using multiple media for the purpose of influencing a mass audience
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Critical thinking
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the ability to analyze, criticize, and advocate ideas; to reason inductively and deductively; and to reach factual or judgmental conclusions based on sound inferences drawn from unambiguous statements of knowledge or belief
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Applied debate
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real decisions made; audience has the power to decide; has a purpose; can result in a change in status quo
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Academic debate
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Educational exercise; audience does not have the power to make decisions or change status quo
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Status quo
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the existing state of things; the present system
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Dialectic
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the back and forth asking and answering of questions
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Claim
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the conclusion we seek to establish by our arguments; the concise statement of the point we are making
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Claims of fact
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1. Functional: establish existence or non-existence, define, etc.
2. Temporal: past, present, future facts; related to time |
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Claims of value
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Deals with good or bad, moral or immoral
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Claims of policy
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Introduces a plan to solve a specific problem
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Data
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the grounds for an argument, usually in the form of evidence to establish a case
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Warrant
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Evidence and reasoning that links the data and claim; justifies the move from grounds to claim
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Who was Toulmin and why did he create his model?
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A philosopher; because he believed that was the way people really reasoned
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What does the Toulmin model look like?
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Claim-------------Data
Warrant |
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Argumentation
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reason given in communicative situations by people whose purpose is the justification of acts, beliefs, attitudes, and values
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Significance
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The degree of importance or impact attached to an issue; shows that a problem is quantitatively and qualitatively important AKA harms
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Inherency
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Sources of the problem, barriers
1. structural: policies, laws, physical objects 2. attitudinal: way people think 3. existential: caused by status quo |
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Solvency
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The ability for a plan to work and reduce harms
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Direct evidence
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Proof of a fact without needing any other proof
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Presumptive evidence
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Evidence that shows the existence of a fact by proving other related facts
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Primary evidence
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Best evidence available; original/first-hand
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Secondary evidence
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Second-hand evidence; better evidence available
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Ambiguity
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When the meaning of a phrase, word, or passage can be reasonable interpreted in two or more ways
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Rhetoric
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the art of discovering ways to make truth seem more probable to an audience that isn't completely convinced
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5 Cannons of Rhetoric
Irene Ate Some Moldy Dough |
1. Invention: come up w/ an argument
2. arrangement: how argument organized 3. style: tone, use of stories or lists 4. memory: able to memorize 5. delivery: how you present yourself |
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4 Functions of rhetoric according to Aristotle
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1. Prevents injustice
2. Educates 3. Makes us see all sides of a case 4. Means of defense |
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Debate
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the process of inquiry and advocacy; the seeking of a reasoned judgment on a proposition
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Good reasons
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Reasons that are psychologically compelling for a given audience that make further inquiry unnecessary
influenced by: history, biography, culture, and/or character of audience |
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Presumption
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a predisposition favoring a given side in a dispute
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Proposition
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a statement or judgment that identifies the central issue in a debate (fact, value, or policy)
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Need
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AKA Harm; refers to problem existing in the status quo that requires remedy
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Why was an olive tree economy important?
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It required little work so people had lots of time during the year to think about philosophy and debate
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Who was Kenneth Burke?
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a literary scholar who created the dramatic pentad
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Dramatism
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Language is a human response to a situation
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3 forms of persuasion
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1. Unintended persuasion: when we hear a message not intended for us
2. coercion: threat of force 3. propaganda: opinion of a group |
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Order of Stock Issues Outline
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Introduction
Significance/Harms Inherency Solvency Conclusion |
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Who is Walter Fisher?
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creator of the narrative paradigm
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Narrative paradigm
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people like to tell and hear stories; the narrative paradigm determines if a story is useful
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Narrative Coherence
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part of the narrative paradigm; the way a story fits together and flows
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Narrative fidelity
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part of the narrative paradigm; if a story sounds possible
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Tests of evidence
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1. Is there enough?
2. Is it clear? 3. Is it consistent with common knowledge? 4. Is it consistent with other evidence? 5. Can it be verified? |
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Parts of Introduction in Stock Issues format
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A. Attention getter
B. Thesis C. Justification D. Speaker credibility E. Preview of main points |
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Parts of conclusion in stock issues format
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A. Review main points
B. final plea C. visualization D. Tie back to attention getter |