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45 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Features of an Introduction
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Begin with an attention getter, establish credability, establish common ground, refer to the setting or occasion, flatter them, refer to the person who introduced you or to someone else present, use humor.
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Common Pitfalls in Intros
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Don't begin with things like:
Before I start I'd like to say I'm not really prepared I don't know much about this don't read the intro don't be dramatic as to assume a different person than you are, don't use a random attention getter, don't make it too long, don't say, i'm not used to public speaking, don't name drop, don't startle them, don't start with a long quote. |
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A Good Intro is...
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A Clear, confident and meaningful into captures audience interest and provides psychological and logical orientation for a speech. Uses no more than 10-15% of the time available, and is clear about the topic, interesting, leaves them wanting to know more and certain of what is to follow.
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Common Pitfalls of the Conclusion
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Don't end with an apology, don't trail off, don't introduce a whole new point, don't read it, don't make it too long, don't change the mood of style from what the speech was, don't say "in conclusion" or "in summary" in any other past of the speech other than in the conclusion or it will confuse.
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A Good Conclusion is
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The key to an effective conclusion is the ability to capture the essential elements of your speech concisely, including a logical and psychological closure. The best ones end memorably with a powerful challenge, quotation, proverb, or story creating a definite sense of completeness.
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The Outline provides
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a detailed, logicial plan for the speech. helps you keep track of the points you are covering, increases your chance that the audience will understand, forces you to lay out your ideas on paper to select the points that support your thesis and to make sure they fit together.
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Declaratives Sentences in the Outline
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makes you more conscious of the exact points you want to make and forces you to frame them explicitly
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Conventional Outline
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with full sentences will help you to clarify and develop your ideas fully before you deliver them. phrase your main points to forecast sub points so that they are parallel in structure.
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Credibility is
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perceived qualities that makes listeners predispositions to believe you starting with speaker's image (non-verbal) and is enhanced before and during the speech by preparation and practice. Cannot be timid about presenting credentials, demonstrating knowledge of their topic, presenting a balanced an objective analysis, and transmitting both personal confidence and concern for audience.
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Assessing your speaking image
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Competence, concerned about the audience, trustworthy, dynamic
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Building your credibility
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before you speak somewhere, send ahead your resume, clippings, books, etc. Build it through your content, present your credentials, demonstrate it through your understanding of the topic, be clearly organized, present a balanced and objective analysis, express concern for the audience
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Three kinds of Speech Propositions for Persuasion
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Fact, Value and Policy
You earn a license to persuade through doing your research and examining your evidence. Persuasive strategies work best when matches to the needs and attitudes of the audience. |
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Proposition of Fact
Is/Is Not |
When the question is one of fact, but we lack the means to find out, we argue the data.
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Proposition of Value
Good/Bad |
The goal is to judge the worth of something, to establish what is good or bad, wise or foolish, just or unjust.
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Proposition of Policy
Should/Should Not |
Advocates a specific course of action
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Three Types of Audiences
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Favorable
Neutral unfavorable |
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For a favorable audience
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use emotional appeals, seek a public commitment, tell you audience exactly what actions to take, give the listeners ammunition to answer opposing points, create involvement
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For a neutral audience
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use plenty of attention factors, make sure your point is clear and understandable, present the most recent evidence you can find, send you message in multiple ways to engage the senses, blend logical and emotional appeal.
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For unfavorable audiences
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be realistic about what change you are asking, emphasize common group, be very thorough in your reasoning and careful with your evidence, build your credibility by being fair and open-minded using humor carefully.
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Reasoning Fallacies
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Attacking the Person (Ad Hominem)-- character assassination
Straw Figure- setting up a flimsy argument Absurd Extreme- makes a potentially sound arguement appear groundless The Slippery Slope-- consists of making the false assumption that taking the first step in any direction will lead to going to dangerous lengths in that direction Circular Reasoning--assumes as one of it's premises the very conclusion it--dead end argument The Semantic fallacy--fuzzy thinking--shifting the definition False Dichotomy-- based on either/or statements False Reversal of If/Then Statements-- affirming the consequence or denying the antecedent Hasty Generalization--premature leap Confusing Sequence with Cause--post hoc (after the event, therefore because of the event) |
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Reasoning is...
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the process by which we come to understand something new by analyzing what we already know.
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For a favorable audience
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use emotional appeals, seek a public commitment, tell you audience exactly what actions to take, give the listeners ammunition to answer opposing points, create involvement
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For a neutral audience
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use plenty of attention factors, make sure your point is clear and understandable, present the most recent evidence you can find, send you message in multiple ways to engage the senses, blend logical and emotional appeal.
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For unfavorable audiences
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be realistic about what change you are asking, emphasize common group, be very thorough in your reasoning and careful with your evidence, build your credibility by being fair and open-minded using humor carefully.
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Reasoning Fallacies
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Attacking the Person (Ad Hominem)-- character assassination
Straw Figure- setting up a flimsy argument Absurd Extreme- makes a potentially sound arguement appear groundless The Slippery Slope-- consists of making the false assumption that taking the first step in any direction will lead to going to dangerous lengths in that direction Circular Reasoning--assumes as one of it's premises the very conclusion it--dead end argument The Semantic fallacy--fuzzy thinking--shifting the definition False Dichotomy-- based on either/or statements False Reversal of If/Then Statements-- affirming the consequence or denying the antecedent Hasty Generalization--premature leap Confusing Sequence with Cause--post hoc (after the event, therefore because of the event) |
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Reasoning is...
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the process by which we come to understand something new by analyzing what we already know.
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Inductive Reasoning
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shown strength in examples, acknowledge the probability of your data by using qualifiers, demonstrate costs and rewards.
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Deductive Reasoning
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state you premises, spell out your reasoning,
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Casual Reasoning
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show how the cause and effect are related in a predictable way, qualify your casual claims, explain the mechanism of the cause
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Reasoning by Analogy
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stress the points of similarity, explain points of difference that your listeners may be concerned about, spell out the link.
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Ethos
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Credability = competence + character
Types -- initial, derived and terminal |
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Monroe's Motivated Sequence
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Attention
Need--statement, illustration, ramifications, pointing Satisfactions-- statement, explanation, theoretical demonstrations, practicality, meeting Objections Visualization-- poitivie, negative and contrast Action-- call for action, state personal intention to act, end with impact. |
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When Organizing think...
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Logical, Easy to follow, Primacy, Recency Theory, address objections and barriers to acceptance
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Pathos
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Emotional Appeals
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Logos
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Logical Appeals
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Three Basic Elements of Argument
(The Toulmin Model) |
Claim-- the conclusion or position you are advocating
Data-- the evidence you use Warrant-- your explanation of how the data supports your claim |
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The more Argument elements
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Backing-- provides support for the warrant
Reservation-- recognizes exceptions to an argument, indicates that a claim may not be true under certain circumstances Qualifier-- states the degree to which the claim appears to be true |
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Supporting Materials
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examples, illustrations, statistics, testimony
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Four Steps to Impromptu
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Keep your composure
Select a Theme Select an Organizational Framework Plan your first and last sentence |
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Impromptu simple framework
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Past-present-future
Pros and Cons Problems and Prospects Concentric Rings Domains |
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Important to plan first and last sentence for Impromptu because...
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It is the most difficult part of the speech and can help you to not panic for an ending and get you past the awkward start.
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Problems with manuscript speaking
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Stilted phrasing, monotonous vocal delivery, lack of eye contact
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When to use manuscript
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Time alloted is inflexible
The wording is crucial The style is extremely important |
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Four main speech delivery modes are...
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Extemporaneous
Impromptu Manuscript Memorized |
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Four steps to Extemporaneous
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Fully developed outline
Create keyword outline Practice the speech aloud Create speech notes |
