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66 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Developmental stuttering |
It is the most common form of stuttering and begins in the preschool years |
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Neurogenic stuttering |
Typically associated with neurological disease or trauma |
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Developmental framework phase 1 |
Preschool years, sound/syllable repetitions, stutters most when upset or excited, generally not aware or bothered |
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Secondary behavior stuttering |
Blinking of the eyes, facial grimacing, facial tension, and exaggerated movement of the head, shoulders, and arms |
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Developmental framework phase 2 |
Elementary school, Stuttering on content words, more habitual, child refers to self as stutterer |
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Developmental framework phase 3 |
Ranges from 8 years to adulthood, stuttering responds in specific situations, little fear, avoidance of words/situations, embarrassment |
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Developmental framework phase 4 |
stuttering in its most advanced form, a person avoids certain words, sounds, and speaking situations, embarrassment |
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Organic theory behavior |
Proposes an actual physical cause for stuttering, many proposes failed, renewed interest in cerebral dominance theory |
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Behavioral theory |
Stuttering is a learned response, diagnosogenic theory - overly concerned parents react negatively which causes anxiety in the child and increases stuttering |
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Psychological theory |
Stuttering is a neurotic symptom, treated most appropriately by psychotherapy |
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Covert repair hypothesis |
Stuttering is a reaction to a flaw in speech production plan |
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Demand and capacities model |
Stuttering develops when demands to produce fluent speech exceed child's physical and learned capacities |
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Explan model |
Fluency failures occur when linguistic plans are sent too slowly to the motor system |
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The evaluation of stuttering |
Detailed analysis of speech behaviors, average number of each type of disfluency, duration of disfluencies, standardized tests may be used |
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Standardized tests |
SPI is for young children (3-8) it yields s numerical score based on a number of stuttering related behaviors,the numerical score is converted to verbal severity rating |
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Prolonged speech |
One of the most powerful ways to reduce or eliminate stuttering, reducing speech rate |
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Pausing/phrasing |
Lengthens naturally occurring pauses and adds pauses |
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Stuttering modification techniques |
Cancellation phase, pull out phase, preparatory sets |
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Cancellation phase |
An individual is required to complete the word that was stuttered and pause deliberately following the production of that stuttered word |
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Pull out phase |
The individual does not wait until after the stuttered word is completed to correct the inappropriate behavior |
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Preparatory sets |
Involves using the slow motion speech strategies that were learned during the first two phases of treatment, not as a response to an occurrence of stuttering, but in anticipation of stuttering |
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Selecting intervention technique |
Depends on severity, motivation, and specific needs of the person who stutters |
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Efficacy of intervention (preschool age children) |
Up to 91% of preschool children who received treatment maintained fluent speech 5 years post treatment |
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Efficacy of intervention (school age children) |
61% average decrease in stuttering frequency/severity across nine studies |
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Resonance |
Refers to the quality of the voice that is produced from sound vibrations in the pharyngeal, oral, and nasal cavities |
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Velopharyngeal inadequacy (VPI) |
Failure to seperate the oral and nasal cavities |
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Vocal pitch |
The perceptual correlate of fundamental frequency |
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Monotone |
Is the result of not varying the habitual speaking frequency during speech production |
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Monopitch |
lacks normal inflectional variation and in some instances the ability to change pitch voluntarily |
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Vocal loudness |
Is the perceptual correlate of intensity which is measured in decibels (dB) |
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Vocal quality |
Several perceptual characteristics of the voice |
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Breathiness |
Is the perception of audible air escaping through the glottis during phonation |
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Vocal tremor |
Is usually an indication of a loss of central nervous system control over the laryngeal mechanism |
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Stridor |
Is noisy breathing or involuntary sound that accompanies inspiration and expiration |
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Consistent aphonia |
Is the persistent absence of voice and perceived as whispering |
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Contact ulcers |
Are reddened ulcerations that develop on the posterior surface of the vocal folds, in the region of the arytenoid cartilages |
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Vocal polyps |
Like vocal nodules are caused by trauma to the vocal folds associated with vocal misuse or abuse |
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Parkinson disease |
Is a CNS disease that results in vocal fold hypoadduction. Muscle rigidity, tremor, and an overall slowness of movement |
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Vocal fold paralysis |
Another common hypoadductory disorder that can result from CNS damage (unilateral and bilateral) |
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Spastic Dysarthria |
Is a neurological motor speech disturbance that results in vocal fold hyperadduction |
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Spasmodic dysphonia |
Neurological disorder associated with hyperadduction of the vocal folds |
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Laryngeal papillomas |
Are small wart like growths that cover the vocal folds and the interior aspects of the larynx |
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Granuloma |
A condition associated with surgical intubation of the larynx |
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Conversion disorders |
Psychogenic voice disorders that result from psychological suppression of emotion |
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Conversion aphonia |
Individuals whisper even though they are capable of phonation |
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Cleft |
Is an abnormal opening in an anatomical structure, caused by failure of structures to fuse or merge correctly early in embryonic development |
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Hypernasality |
Occurs when the velopharyngeal mechanism fails to decouple the oral and nasal cavities |
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Audible nasal emission |
When an individual with VPI attempts to build up the necessary air pressure in the oral cavity for production of high- pressure sounds, the air pressure subsequently escapes through the nasal cavity, causing a nasal rustle or nasal turbulence |
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Primary motor cortex |
A 2 centimeter wide strip immediately in front of the central sulcus |
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Pyramidal tract |
The direct activation pathway |
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Extrapyramidal tract |
Indirect activation pathway |
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Peripheral nervous system |
Consists of 12 pairs of cranial nerves, most of which originate in the brain stem, and 31 pairs of spinal nerves that exit the vertebral column and travel to and from muscles of the body |
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Dysarthria |
Is a general diagnostic term for a group of speech disorders resulting from disturbances in the central and peripheral nervous system that controls the muscles of speech production |
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Flaccid dysarthria |
Muscles are weak and reduced in tone; decreased reflexes, flaccid paralysis; eventual atrophy of muscles |
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Spastic dysarthria |
Weak, spastic muscles; hyperactive reflexes; increased muscle tone |
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Ataxic dysarthria |
Incoordination; reduced muscle tone; poor accuracy and timing of movements |
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Hypokinetic dysarthria |
Reduced movement, muscle rigidity and stiffness, difficulties starting and stopping movements |
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Hyperkinetic dysarthria |
Involuntary movements |
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Mixed dysarthria |
Combination of two or more dysarthrias |
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Bell's palsy |
Is an idiopathic condition of underdetermined cause that results in unilateral damage to the facial nerve |
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Progressive bulbar palsy |
Is a neurological disease that causes degeneration of lower motor neurons resulting in flaccid paralysis of muscles and eventual muscle atrophy |
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Fasciculations |
Isolated twitches in resting muscle due to spontaneous firing of nerve impulses in response to nerve degeneration |
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Myasthenia gravis |
Is an autoimmune disease that affects the neuromuscular junction |
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Huntington's chorea |
An inherited progressive disease that results in degeneration of structures in basal ganglia |
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Apraxia of speech |
A clinically distinct neurological speech disorder that impairs the ability to plan or program the sensory motor commands needed for speech production |
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Cerebral palsy |
A heyerogeneous group of non progressive, permanent disorders of movement and postural development , is a congenital disorder that causes dysarthria in children |
