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57 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Stroop Effect
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Stroop; 1935
Name of word interferes with the naming of the color |
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Who performed the 1st Cognitive Psych experiment?
What did they measure/infer? |
in 1868
By Donders -measured reaction time -inferred mental process of perception |
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Since cognition can't be observed, what is a lot of Cognitive Science based on?
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inference
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What is SRT?
Who first used it in cog psych? |
Simple Reaction Time
Donders |
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What is CRT?
Who first used it in cog psych? |
Choice Reaction Time
Donders |
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Who was Hermann Helmholtz & what is he known for in the area of cog psych?
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German Physician & physicist;
Theory of unconscious inference: perceptions are impacted by unconscious assumptions & can be influ'd by past experiences |
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Who was Hermann Ebbinghaus & what is he known for in the area of cog psych?
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German Psychologist
-1st to describe the learning curve & forgetting curve -Pioneered experimental study of memory |
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Describe the learning curve?
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Savings = [(initial repetitions) – relearning repetitions]/initial repetitions; then multiply by 100 for a %
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Who was Wundt & what was his contribution to field of cognitive psychology?
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Father of experimental psychology (founded 1st lab to study mind scientifically)
-carried out reaction-time experiments -Developed analytic introspection (had ppl describe their experiences & thought processes) |
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Who is Titchener and what did he contribute to cognitive psychology?
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Created structuralism
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Describe Structuralism
- what did it try to describe? - how did structuralists seek to accomplish this? - who founded it? |
an attempt to describe the structures that compose the mind. Consciousness can be analyzed as sensations & feelings that form the structures of the mind
-used introspection -created by Titchener |
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Who was William James? What did he contribute to cognitive psych?
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Founded Functionalism in the US
-focus on how a mental process operates -influ'd by Darwin and in reaction to structuralism |
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Describe Functionalism
- what is it the study of? - who founded it? |
-study of how a mental process operates (think anatomy vs physiology).
- influ'd by Charles Darwin. -founded by William James |
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How did Chomsky contribute to cog psych? When?
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Critiqued Skinner & said that lang development was inborn (not simply imitation) and exists across cultures
Linguist. 1959. Started Cog Revolution! |
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Information Processing Model
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developed by Broadbent in "Perception and Communication"
- look at cognitive activities as involving a series of steps, procedures, or processes that take time |
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Describe the Cognitive Revolution
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1950s movement that began the cognitive sciences
-initiated by Noam Chomsky's response to behaviorism & empiricism - Reverse engineering approach |
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Describe the Reverse Engineering Approach
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makes it possible for us to make testable inferences about human mental processes
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What are the areas within Cognitive Psychology?
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Cognitive neuroscience
Attention, perception Memory Problem solving Judgment and decision making Creativity |
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Experimental Cognitive Psycholgoy
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applies experimental methods to investigate human cognition
psychophysical responses, response time, & eye tracking |
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Computational Cognitive Psych
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computational models of human cognition based on symbolic/sub-symbolic representations & dynamical systems
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Neural Cognitive Psychology
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Brain imaging & neurobio methods to understand neural basis of human cognition. Often inter-linked w/other domains of cog psych
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Describe the Behavioral Approach to the study of the mind
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Focuses on measuring bx & explaining cognition in terms of bx
ex. measuring mental rotation exercise |
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Describe the Physiological approach to the study of the mind
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Measures bx & physiology & explains cognition in terms of physiology
ex. reaction time & brain wave activity |
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WordNet
-who created it? -what is it? -why is it important? |
created by George Miller
lexical database of English Cog Psych's major contribution to AI |
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What is Cognitive Science
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- study of mental processes
- includes cog psych, research on the mind w/in fields of computer science, linguistics, neuroscience, anthropology, AI, & philosophy |
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What are the 3 main approaches to cognitive psychology?
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Experimental, Computational, & Neural Cog Psych
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What is Aysmptotic Value
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channel capacity or the greatest amount of info that the observer can give us about the stimulus on the basis of absolute certainty
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What is Miller's Law of memory?
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working memory can only hold 7 +/- 2 bits of info at any given time
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How much is a "BIT" of info?
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The amount of info needed to make a decision btwn 2 equally likely alternatives; 2 bits = 4 likely alternatives, 3 bits =8 likely...
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Absolute Judgment for Unidimensional Stimuli
-what is the mean channel capacity? |
2.6 bits
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Absolute Judgment for Unidimensional Stimuli
-How many categories? |
6.5 categories
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Absolute Judgment for Multidimensional Stimuli
What happens when we add more variables? |
Our capacity for total judgment increases BUT our accuracy for any particular variable decreases
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How can we increase the span of immediate memory above 7 bits?
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1. Inc the # of dimensions but requiring simple (ie yes/no) judgments for each attribute
2. Making successive judgments, thereby inc'ing # of dimensions in how stimuli can differ 3. arrange task so as to make several judgments in a row |
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What is
Recoding? |
Process of org'ing input sequences into units or chunks so as to build immediate memory skills
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What is this an example of:
Putting info into our own words |
Recoding
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Describe Chunking using:
122512091101 |
12/25/12, 09/11/01
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Who coined the term "cognitive science"?
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Christopher Longuet-Higgins in 1973
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Describe
Connectionism |
idea that the mind could be characterized as a set of complex assoc's that can be represented as a layered network; developed out of symbolic AI
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What are some of behavioral research methods to investigating cognitive science?
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reaction time
psychophysical judgment of loudness tones eye tracking |
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Who came up with the theory of unconscious inference?
What is it? |
Helmholtz
States that perceptions are influenced by past experiences and are teh result of unconscious assumptions |
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In what year did Donders perform the first cognitive psychology experiment?
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1868
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What was the problem with Wundt's Analytic Introspection?
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Couldn't replicate findings from one lab to another
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Describe Analytic Introspection
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Wundt;
had ppl describe their thought processes & experiences Weak in that introspection doesn't show the structure of thought |
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What kind of a doctor was Donders? What is he known for
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conducting the first cognitive psychology experiment in 1868
opthalmologist |
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What is the equation for the Savings score that Ebbinghaus developed?
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Initial Reps - Relearning Reps
---------------------------------------- Initial reps x 100 |
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Who came up with the forgetting curve, learning curve, and savings score?
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Ebbinghaus
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Who is the father of experimental psychology?
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Wundt
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Titchener is to __________ as James is to ___________
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structuralism as James is to Functionalism
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Who initiated the Cognitive Revolution?
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Chomsky, a linguist
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Who wrote "The Magic Number 7 +/- 2"?
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George Miller
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George Miller's theory of Absolute Judgment for Multidimensional Stimuli:
What happens when we add more variables? |
We increase our total capacity for judgment
BUT we decrease the accuracy for any particular variable |
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What is the conclusion of Miller's Absolute Judgment for Multidimensional Stimuli?
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In order to survive a constantly changing world, it is better to have a little info about a lot of things than to have a lot of info about a small segment of the environment
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What is the span of immediate memory?
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generally it is 7 items in length
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What are some ways we can increase the amount of info we take in?
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Chunking
Recoding |
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Name 3 research methods used for study in Cognitive Science
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1. Behavioral (reaction time, eye tracking)
2. Brain Imaging (PET, fMRI) 3. Computational Modeling (symbolic & subsymbolic) |
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Which brain imaging technique is similar to EEG but has improved spatial resolution? It measures magnetic fields resulting from cortical activity.
a. Magnetoencephalography (MEG) b. SPECT & PET c. Optical Imaging d. fMRI |
b. they are used to see which areas of the brain are more active than the others
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Brain Imaging:
Which technique uses infrared transmitters & receivers to mzr the amount of light reflectance by blood near diff areas of the brain? This method is extremely safe but has moderate temporal and poor spatial resolution. a. SPECT & PET b. Magnetoencephalography (MEG) c. Optical Imaging d. fMRI |
Optical Imaging
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