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76 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Personality assessment test format - logical/content test construction
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-content makes sense
-problems:people lie, are in denial or they don't know themselves |
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Personality assessment test format - factor analytic test construction
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-certain factors correlate well with one another
-statistically derived, use of factor analysis |
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Personality assessment test format - theory-driven tests
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-questions about childhood, etc.
-developing theories as to why the person is the way they are |
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Personality assessment test format - empirical criterion keying
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-statistically derived, descriminating across groups - questions unrelated to content
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Objective personality assessment
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-standardized measurement of personality - fixed listing of questions
-response types - yes/no, true/false |
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Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)
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-empirical-criterion keyed
-original version by Hathaway and McKinley had 556 items and was published in 1942 -second revision by Butcher had 567 items and was published in 1982 -reduced problems with validity -create accurate and appropriate scale |
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Problems with the MMPI
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-narrow control sample, not generalizable
-archaic and offensive terminology -restricted content for clinical settings |
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MMPI - three validity scales
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L- lie/fake good - 15 items rather lose than win, etc.
F - fake bad - 60 items - try to look bad K - korrectiveness - measures persons degree of effectiveness |
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Hypochondriasis
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people converting stress to body sensation
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Depression
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sadness, lack energy, etc.
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Hysteria
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anxiety to stress, general anxiety, etc.
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Psychopathic Deviate
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antisocial personality disorder, killers, etc.
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Masculinity-femininity
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-test take prefers masculine or feminine
-interested in high and low scores |
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Paranoia
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think people are out to get them
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Psychasthenia
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general nervousness
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Schizophrenia
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halucinations, distorted perception, etc.
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Hypomania
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elevated mood, hard time planning out behavior, etc.
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Social Introversion
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information about test taker - comfortable or not comfortable in social situations
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Advantages of the Personality Assessment
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-inexpensive
-no interpretation necessary in scoring |
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Disadvantage of the personality assessment
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-some interpretation in what score means
-could fake responses -questions may not reflect experience of clients |
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Projective personality assessment
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-some interpretation required
-personality important -see how they respond to ambigous stimuli -theoretical assumptions - individuals support own personality onto ambigous stimuli;taps into unconscious -response format - focus on uniqueness, rather than normative data |
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The Rorschach
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-hermann Rorschach
-10 inkblots - 5 black/white, 3 black/white/red -published inkblot test in 1992 |
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Exner's comprehensive system
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guidelines for scoring and interpretation and ministering
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Free association (phase in rorschach)
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card given to test taker and asked "what might this be?"
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Inquiry (phase in rorschach)
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asks test taker to reflect on what they saw
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"Testing the Limits" (phase in rorschach)
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designed to push boundaries of test takers response
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Scoring (projective personality assessment)
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-location - what part of the picture were they using?
-determinants - movements, developmental quality, nad something unusual |
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Advantages of the projective personality assessment
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-open up dialogue
-unconventional |
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Disadvantages of the projective personality assessment
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-what does seeing that certain thing mean?
-only used for clinical purposes -NO normative -not very reliable at the time, also not valid |
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Issues in personlaity assesssment
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-privacy - online, etc.
-interpretation of personality assessments - computer-based interpretations -group differences - gender, race/ethnicity |
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course of therapy - initial contact
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explanation of treatment services and delineation of client's problem
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course of therapy - assessment
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evaluation of client's problem and history
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course of therapy - goals of treatment
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what the client wants to get out of treatment
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course of therapy - treatment implementation
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learn skills in session and practice them outside of session
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course of therapy - termination
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evaluation process - accomplishment of goals
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course of therapy - follow-up
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"booster" session 6-12 months later
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Individual therapy
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-adults can adequetly provide information
-children - play therapy when it's harder for children to express themselves |
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group ttherapy
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psychoeducational - learning new skills: peer support, developing relationships
-example: AA |
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couples therapy
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married and unmarried - can do it alone or together
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biological interventions
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-medication
-biofeedback -EDMR - biological treatment for PTSD |
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social interventions
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-community interventions
-primary: using community resources to stop something from happening (sex ed. class) -secondary: intervening when there is a problem to stop it from happening again (first DUI) -tertiary - reduce a problem when it is already in the community (halfway house) |
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Prochasks's (2002) stages of change
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-precontemplation - no intention or motivation to change
-contemplation - contemplating change -preparation - intends to change in the future -action - currently changing behavior -maintenance - prevention of relapse of symptoms |
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temple university study
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-1975 - 90 outpatients assigned treatment to behavior, psychoanalytic or wait list - all improved
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smith and glass
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1977 - S&G - psychotherapy outcome - 400 outcome studies - average outcome
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overall results of comparative studies (temple, smith and glass)
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-therapy works
-type of therapy does not matter |
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outcome research
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who improved, who didn't
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process research
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emphasizes relationship between therapist and client, and what happens as a result of this relationship
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process variables influencing outcome
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-therapeutic alliance
-therapist competence -client involvement -client cooperation versus resistance |
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trends in clinical research
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-more specific focus - treatments for specific disorders - influence on therapy versus medication
-emphasis on "emperically validated treatment -manualized treatment - consistence across patients, emphasis on process variables |
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efficacy of therapy
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standardized treatment, conducted within lab setting - control goes up (internal validity), applicability goes down (external validity)
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effectiveness of therapy
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done in the field, conducted in therapy settings - control goes down, applicability goes up
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Dimensions (Seligman, 1944)
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-Is the problem biologically determined?
-Is the belief underlying the problem difficult to disconfirm? -Is the belief underlying the problem general and generalizeable to many aspects of the world |
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goals of therapy
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-foster insight
-emotional distress/discomfort -encourage catharsis -provide new info |
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What type of client/patient does treatment work best for?
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want to be there
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ideal client characteristics
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-psychological variables - client distress, motivation, openness, intelligence
-demographic variables - gender, age, race, social class |
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ideal therapist characteristics
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-psychological variables - specific personality - empathy, warmth, genuineness, emotional stability
-demographic variables - age, sex, race |
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clinical interpretation
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clinicians judgement taken from client
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uses of interpretation
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-understand disorder
-treating disorder -origins of disorder |
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levels of interpretation
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I. little or none
II. some III. none |
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clinical approach
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opinion, subjective
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quantitative approach
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statistical, objective, requires a lot of data, a lot of people
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practitioner scholar model
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resulted out of vail conference (1973) - decrease emphasis on research
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1st psy.d. degree
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university of illinois
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clinical scientist model
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-scientific clinical psychology is legit form of clinical psychology
-goal is to train clinical researchers |
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combined professional scientific model
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training in clinical, counseling, and school psychology
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graduate school
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-GRE scores - quatitative + verbal + analytic
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national licensure exam
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-state-specific esam
-clinical hours -additional requirements -money!!! |
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ethical standards: general principles
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-beneficence and non-maleficence
-responsibility -integrity -justice -respect for human rights and dignity |
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competence
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-represent training accurately
-sensativity to cultural and social issues -be aware of one's own biases |
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confidentiality
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cannot disclose client information without the client's consent
-privilege is a legal term, confidentiality is not |
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most frequent issues for clinical psychologists
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-confidentiality
-dual or conflicted relationships -payment issues |
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unmanaged health care
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free-for-services tradition, pay for what you get
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managed health care
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insurance companies define appropriate reimbursement for services
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health maintenance organization
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services are restricted to specified providers
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preferred provider organization
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-contacts with outside
-services are more flexible, payment at discounted rate |
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influence of managed health care on clinical psychology
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-clients seen for a lower number of sessions
-treatment will be brief -clients are expected to make changes outside of session |
