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157 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Athena's Birth
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Father Zeus and mother Metis (Wisdom). Zeus ate Metis because the was a prophecy that Zeus would have a son greater than himself. Zeus has headache, Hephaistos opens Zeus' head with an Axe, Athena Leaps out fully armored and grown. Not of female born which makes her asexual, Violent(Warrior goddess) and Sacrifice (cutting into Zeus head)
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Athena's three powers or characteristics
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Prowess, Wisdom, "masculinity" of her virgin nature.
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Athena's Iconography
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Shield, helmet, raised weapon, owl, aegis, striding-(always moving)
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Epithets of Athena
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A. Parthenos-virgin or maiden, refers to her birth too, non female, nonsexual
A. Polias: of the city (her favorite city Acropolis. Owl-eyed-clarity Weapon brandishing |
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Epithets of Athena (Con.)
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Tritogenia- River, Lake, Area. Maybe has this name because of lake Triton or tritonis (Boeotia, Libya), goddess of sea waters, raised by triton.
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Pallas (Triton's daughter) Story of hte Epithets of Athena
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Practiced arts of war with Athena, the two had a quarrel and Zeus interfered and gave Athena the Aegis, Athena Kills Pallas. Then grieving, she takes Pallas' name as an Epithet
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Ergane Epithet of Athena
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Worker or Inventor, wool working , loom, spindle, flute (got the idea from the Gorgons), carpentry, chariot, ship, bit, bridle,Domestication and use of the olive.
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Law Court
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man made laws replace Lex Talonis
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Nike
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Rational Help "shining eyes" Victory or victory bringer
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Athena as a warrior compared to Ares
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She is lucid, rational, strategic and planning whereas Ares brings blood lust and brutality.
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Athena is merciless to her enemies this is shown with the myth of Arachne
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Arachne claimed to spin better than Athena, Athena challenges her. Arachne's loom has horrible dishonorable acts of the gods, this pisses of Athena and Athena beats Arachne with the loom and then turns Arachne into a spider so she will forever spin
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Athena's Relationship with Hephaestus
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Both are Benefactors, cultural gods, both hold special worship in Athens. Hephaestus aids in Athena's birth.
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Athena's relationship with Poseidon
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Poseidon may rule the sea and be the god of horses, but Athena built the first ship and made the bridle. She competes with her uncle a lot
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Contest of naming Athens
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Poseidon and Athena present the people of Athens with presents and the people chose which is the better gift and that god will have a special worship there. Poseidon gives either a salt water spring or The best horse in the world. Athena gives the Olive tree
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Athena's relationship with Zeus
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She is Zeus' favorite daughter, He gives her part of the aegis (which controls the winds)
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Athena
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She is male and Female, she is an inside and outside goddess and is near and far
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Athena Intellectual aspects and cultural aspects
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Deification of rational thought, planning, advice and strategy
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Athena as a war goddess
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She is a friend to the heroes, She moves Justice to the fair, From Blood (Odyssey) to Justice (Oresteia)
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Younger generation of gods
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Athena, Apollo and Artemis, represent new order of divinity younger generation and advanced state of civilization
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Aphrodite's birth stories
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Castration of Uranus (Hesiod) or From Zeus and Dione- dione is the female version of dios meaning god, so she was borne of the male and female aspects of Zeus (Plato)
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Aphrodite's Epithets
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Cypria:because after the castration of Uranus she came ashore on the island of Cyprus.
Aphros:Foam Cythera: Important city on Cyprus Aphrodite Urania=Celestial Aphrodite-Aphrodite (heavenly) born from the castration of uranus Aphrodite Pandemos= common people-she belongs to everyone |
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Aphrodite's Duality Shown in Epithets
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Sacred and Profane Love
Urania-strong, smarter, pure, spiritial, itellectual, Philosophical and religious. Pandemos- more physical: attraction and procreation |
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Aprhodite's Attributes
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Chariot Drawn by Swallows, doves, swans (These are also her token animals)
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Aphrodite's Sacrifice
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She prefers incense, flowers and Doves
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Iconography
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Classical Era- Flowing Robe, Magic Belt (Girdle), Updo (mature women always wore their hair up)
Post Classical-Naked, hair down. The earliest naked statue is of Aphrodite She is mature, lush, beautiful |
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Aphrodite's attendants
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Female-Graces-(Charites)- represents aspects of beauty
Seasons-hours-(horae) (Cosmos,Cosmetic)-without order there can not be beauty Male-Priapus-fertility god, statues are mainly in gardens or house doors (always has an erection) Eros-son/conpanion |
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Eros birth stories
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-born of Aphrodite and Ares
-Hesiod-cosmic force, born of chaos-holds everything together -Classical era-she represents male homosexual love Roman times-cupid-fat child with a bow an arrow |
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Aphrodite's partners
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Ares-union of elemental forces, illegal relationship-love & war, creation & destruction
Hephaestus-Polar opposites-legal marriage-beauty & deformity |
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Ares
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Overwhelming, insatiable in battle, destructive, not a god you want to call into your presence therefore he does not have an epithets
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Ares Iconography
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Armor, bronze war chariot, said to be made of all bronze
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Ares Attendants
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Phobos (fear) and Deimos (terror)
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Ares Origin
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Thrace, norther Greece-wild and barbaric-ares is hated by zeus-he is forced to stay there because none of the other gods want him on him on mount olympus
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Hephaistos and Ares
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Hephaistos is an enemy of ares. Cultral god vs. war god. Destroys humans in war vs. protects the human race. Both Hephaistos and Ares are outsider gods. Physical imperfection:limp-Hephaistos is the most human of all the gods, Ares heart is made of bronze
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Hephaistos most important cult centers
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Athens and Lemnos
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Hephaistos
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Scapegoat, buffoon, peacemaker, literally cast out of heaven by zeus and hera. isolated by his talent and serious nature, patron god of creators and inventors, shares worship with Athena
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Aphrodite and Ares punishment
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Hephaestus catches them in the act with a net. all of the gods came and looked at them, they all laughed at Hephaestus except Poseidon who convinced Hephaestus to let them go
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Aphrodite's partners and epithets
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Smiling and dangerous, she launches the Trojan war with the Golden apple myth
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Myth of Adonis
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Aphrodite falls in love with baby Adonis and gives him to Persephone and she falls in love with him too, so they decide that Adonis has to be put to death for the earth to be reborn. Earth mother and consort whose sacrifices ensures rebirth
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Artemis & Apollo's birth story
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Zeus & Leto, Hera is pissed that Zeus slept with Leto, so she threatens every city that might harbor leto. Delos allows her to give birth there because they have nothing to lose. Apollo builds a temple there later for them allowing her to stay there. Leto is in labor for nine days because hera trapped eileithyia(the childbirth goddess). Artemis births herself and then helps with apollo.
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Artemis Birth goddess
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She becomes a childbirth goddess very closely associated with death and destruction especially birth and destruction of young animals
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Myth of Niobe the Theban Queen
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Thebes celebrates Leto anually, Niobe (granddaughter of Atlas) boast that she is a better mother than Leto because she has seven daughters and seven sons. Leto complains to her kids, Artemis (kills the girls) and Apollo (kills the boys) then kill off all of Niobe's children one by one. Zeus takes pity on Niobe and turns her into a rock. Tears constantly run from that rock
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Myth of Actaeon
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Son of Cadmus (Thebes) he is a hunter who sees Artemis bathing by accident. Artemis is furious and turns him into a stag saying tell if you can (he still has a human mind) His own hunting dogs tear from limb from limb
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Myth of Callisto
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Companion of Artemis, suppose to remain virginal, Zeus visits her in disguise as Artemis herself. Artemis later sees that callisto is pregnant, she banishes her. gives birth to son Arcas. Hera then turns callisto into a bear, tormented and hunted for 15 years always looking for Arcas. Finds him and is nearly killed by him, Zeus intervenes and turns the both of them into constellations
(ursa major & ursa minor) (Etiological myth) |
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Myth of Orion
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Mighty hunter, son of Gaea and poseidon, clears chios of wild beasts, see artemis, attempts to rape her, artemis produces scorpion that stings orion to death. also said to pursue the Pleiades (daughters of Atlas), all become constellations (pleiades,orion, Sirius(orion's dog)
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Artemis Iconograpy
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young, adolescent, long flowing hair, short chiton(dress), bow and arrow, torch.
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Artemis domain
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Hills,heights, mountains, pastures, isolated, lonely wooded glens
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Artemis compainions
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Nymphs and hunters, apollo and leto
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Artemis moon goddess
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associated with selene moon goddess fertility and hecate fertility and the earth, hades, crossroads and black magic
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Artemis tripartite worship
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sky earth and underworld, despite all of the associations with selene and hecate, she is best understood as the virgin huntess goddess of nature
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Artemis Epithets
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Potnia-theron(linear b), mistess of animals, mistress of wild nature, Duality beautiful and frightening, nurturing and deadly, patron of young animals, Hagne-pure, chaste, virginal
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Artemis temple teaching
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Brauron Attica, temple training & initiation rites for young women, "little bears" special sacrifice their hair, these are her companions until they marry (chastity)
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What kind of goddess is Artemis?
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She asks her father Zeus to remain a virgin, Outdoor, Old, Near(nurturing of young animals), far(huntress)
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Apollo Iconography
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Young, adolescent, slim, long hair, beardless
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Apollo's attributes
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lyre, bow and arrow
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Apollo's companions
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artemis, leto, muses
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Apollo's domains
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pstron god of music, poetry,art.
Domain: sky and the heights |
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Where was apollo born
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he was born on Delos Island of the Cyclades
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Apollo's quest
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leaves Olympus, travels to build a shrine, the naval world omphalos, where zeus's eagles meet, slays monstrous she dragon (pytho) and builds his temple on the site of an earlier temple (Gaea or Themis) on crete Delphi on Mt. Parnassos
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Apollo's epithets
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Pythian Apollo-slayer of the dragon, Delphinius-links with crete, turns himself into a dolphin and leaps aboard a cretan ship to recruit priests
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Pythian (apollo)
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pythian games, Pythia: priestess, shrine or temple for oracles:prophecy and advicing Loxias:seer or phophet, known world would come to Delphi for prophecies, Pythia would swoon and rave, Priests put this into metered ambiguous verses I.E. Great kingdom will be destroyed, Nothing too much (dont be too ambishious) and know thyself (be a human don't try to be a god)
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Apollo's epithets
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Phoebus-brilliant, reborn, Sun god. Associated with Mt. Helikon and muses; physical light becomes identified with ittellectual light. Far-shooter(Seen in the myths of Niobe and the Iliad) Epikoursious healer, medicine and the art of healing
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Partners of Apollo
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Coronis, Crow:adultery, pierces her with arrown but then repents, rescues unborn child from pyre (first C-section) and his son Ascelpius is the first doctor (healer) of the ancient world
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Hermes birth
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Mother Maia (Pleiades, Nymph), he was born in Arcadia(dark and mysterious, cave in greece, wild and uncivilized)
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Hermes 1st day of life
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toddles out of cave, finds tortoise and invents lyre, tracks cattle of the gods, cuts 50 from flock, drives cattle in reverse so they cant be tracked and invents sand sandals that dont leave tracks
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Hermes 2nd day of life
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Produces fire (invents fire stick) makes it easy for men to make fires, linked with Prometheus (first gives fire to mankind) and Hephaestus who uses fire in art form. Kills two of the cows, makes 12 sacrifices for each of the gods, burns evidence, returns home to a suspicious mother, pretends to be an innocent child.
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Hermes plans another trick
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Hermes plans to go to Delphi to steal treasures from Apollo
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Apollo finds out about Hermes and the cattle
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He tracks hermes down to his cave, threatens to throw him into Tartarus, hermes lies, Reconciliation with Apollo (via Zeus) They exchange gifts, Hermes sings Apollo's praises with hiss new Lyre which he gives to Apollo as a present (which is worth 50 cows) and suggests that apollo gives him a gift in return, Hermes becomes the herdsman Pastoral, patron god of the fields
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Hermes Iconography
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youthful, even boyish, slender but has a beard-suggest that his nature is dualistic, travelers hat, herald's wand, wings(sometimes attached to shoulders, sometimes to his sandals)
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Hermes Attributes
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clever, tricky, playful, curious, drives him to new acheivements
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Hermes Epithets
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Herdsman, Argeiphontes-killer of the beast Argos(hera's beast) sent after Io many eyes. History is other than his birth. Psychopompos-leads the dead from the world aboce to the world below, liminal space.
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Hermes Powers
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messenger for the gods, luckgiver-travel, shepherds, thieves, gamblers, patron god for anyone on the road
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Hermes Domain
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Arcadia, Liminal space-threshold that exists between two places, Graves, roads and caves- because they are all thresholds
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Hermes Special Column
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Herm, square pillar, decorated with male genitals and hermes head, suggests Fertility god-boundary markers in gardens or at the door
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Hermes token animals
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Herds mainly sheep
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3 main areas of importance for Hermes
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1. fertility (nymphs)multiplies flocks, nautral world, relationships with nymphs and their offspring.
2. Thieves and Rustlers-he helps everyone 3.Divine trickster-culture god |
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Hermes Duality
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Shepherd/ Rustler, Liminal space-boundary crosser. Life and death-Psychopompos-leads dead to the underworld. Sleep and Dreams- human conciousness, Hermaphrodite-both male & femal parts and sexual appetites and he is worshiped in all caves
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Hermes Special Sacrifices
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invoke when libations(liquid offering) are poured to the dead, care for grave, own worship in caves.
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Pan
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Goat god, half man, half goat, son of Hermes or Apollo (not sure) He is a shepherd and musician. Lives in the mountains of arcadia, caves, human nature is animal nature, uncivilized state and rampant sexuality.
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Pan's music
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Pan pipes- love affair gone wrong, which is why the pipes were created. Pursues nymph Syrinx, she is transformed into reeds, which pan turns into an instrument both enchants and causes insanity
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Panic Attacks
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music that pushs people to insanity, overwhelms people
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Myth of Echo (two versions)
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Flees from Pan, Pan inspires panic in Shepherds who tear her apart and only her voice remains.
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Myth of Echo and Narcissus
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Narcissus-very beautiful son of a water nymph, echo is a talkative nymph who tells hera stories that allows Zeus to cheat while she is busy, Punishes Echo with only the ability to repeat the last word of what was said, she falls in love with Narcissus but cant tell him how she feels and wastes away.
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Narcissus' punishment for writing off Echo
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He falls in love with himself and is unable to tear himself away from his image to eat (Sees himself in pool), Loves & not possessable. Self love is painful & Damaging.
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Demeter
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grain goddess, mother earth
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Persephone
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Demeter's daughter, Kore, daughter of Zeus
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Hades
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god of the underworld, he rapes and makes persephone his queen
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Hecate
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Attendant to persephone once she becomes queen of the underworld
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Helios
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Sun god who witnesses persephone's rape and tells demeter about it
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Hermes
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Messenger god
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Eleusis
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city where demeter goes looking for persephone after her abduction
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Celeus and metaneira
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king and queen of Eleusis
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Iambe
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maid servant of Celeus and Metaneira, who finds demeter crying and tells her dirty vulgar jokes
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Triptolemus
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Future leader of Eleusis, son of Celeus and metaneira. He name as a baby was Demophoon
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Myth of Persephone and Demeter
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Persephone was out picking Narcissus flowers, she is kidnapped by Hades and taken to the underworld with the premission of Zeus, Her father.
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Demeter and the nine days
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She wanders the earth for nine days looking for her daughter without eating or drinking, bathing or resting. On the tenth day Hecate heard about what happened and went to ask helios, he tells hecate what happened
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Demeter and the city of Eleusis
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She goes her disguised as an old woman, meets Iambe, Tells her a semi-true story about what happened, Iambe feels bad for her and tells her dirty jokes and coaxes Demeter to drink meal water and mint drink, Demeter drinks but does not eat. Iambe takes demeter to the king and Queen
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Demeter and Baby Demophoon
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Demeter offers to be the nurse for The king and queen's baby. Demeter attempts to deify to the boy with fire baths and Nectar and ambrosia. Queen walks in and is terrified, Demeter gets pissed, and gives a curse and a promise, civil war for Eleusis, until they establish a temple in her honor and teach her rites.
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Hermes and Hecate are sent to the underworld
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they go to the under world sent by zeus to tell hades that he has to send persephone back to earth because Demeter is not letting the earth grow anything
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Persephone and the pomegranate
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Persephone eats six seed of pomegranate when she is in the underworld, Hades gives them to her so she will have to come back, she lives on earth for 6 months and in the underworld for 6 months of the year. Persephone forever remains in the virginal aspect of her life, she never has kids.
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Demeters Iconography
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mature woman, lush figure, shown with crown and torch and holds grain
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Demeters companions
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Persephone and Triptolemus-messenger of demeter, spreading arts of agriculture
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Demeter's Domain
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earth, agriculture- grain sowing, threshing, harvest,
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Demeter's cult
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Harvest or sowing festivals, mystery religion-temple of Eleusis
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Demeter's epithets
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"mother" Persephone/kore (demeters daughter) 2 aspects of a single earth goddess, both are kind of combined together.
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Demeter and Persephone
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Demeter-Ripe grain, Summer, fall, mother, childbearing, maturity, life. Persephone- budding shoots, winter spring, daughter, child, virgin, bride, youth, life after death. Metaphorical reading of myth: life and death in nature, in females, and in the human world. Ritual and belief center around a central mystery which can be revealed only to initiates.
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Dionysus
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son of Zeus and Semele(princess of Thebers) brags to her sister that she has a lover that is a god in disguise, they tell her to ask him to show himself, Semele bursts into flames and Zeus takes child and puts it in his thigh-which gives Dionysus-his sexual aspects like his father
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Dionysus Attendants (females)
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Females:Maenads,Bacchants-all female groups in the mountains, wild, eat raw animals, wild hair, not afraid of anything, feed wild animals from own breasts, makes wine flow from the earth. Have torches and animal skins
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Thyrsus
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wand decorated with Ivy and pinecones, associated with the female attendants of Dionysus
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Dionysus attendants (males)
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Satyrs or silenoi: horse's tails and ears, goat's beards and horned ears, cloven feet, leather phallus
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Dionysus Iconography
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Youthful, but plump and bearded and tipsy. Dionysus is never shown alone in art
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Dionysus Chariot
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panther (associated with the near east)
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Thiasos Dionysus
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Din or frenzy of his followers and music
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Dionysus Cult or token objects
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Pine trees, ivy, vine, Masks-he is the god of tragedies, Pillar-ivy covered with masked face and exaggerated phallus
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Myth of how dolphins came about.
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dionysus is passed out on an island, sailors come in for fresh water and kidnap him and ransome him back to his family. Bear on one end of the ship and panther on the other. Ivy grew on the oars. He then turned the sailors into dolphins (with human mind) and so they will always seek out humans and approach them
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Dionysus domain
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wine celebrations specific festivals delphi and athens
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Tragedy Dithramb
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song sung for dionysus ecstatic music and instruments:eastern culture
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Nysa
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Dionysus's birth place, in the near east
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Dionysus Epithets
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Ivy crowned, god of wine and revelry, gives joy to humans, worshipped in the frenzy, god of transformation (physical or mental), Reborn, One makes one mad(Crazy, being drunk), destroyer of men, eater of raw flesh
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Hades Epithets
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Unseen one, one name,Vhthonian God-Zeus of the Underworld, Pluto,Dis-wealth (mineral or Constituents), Orcus- constraint
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The underworld
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aka Hades, Tartarus, Erebus, the romans place for punishment
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Elysium, Elysian Fields
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General area of reward
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Island of the Blest
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(Greek) where heroes go after their death.
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5 rivers of the underworld
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Styx-hate, Acheron-Woe, Lethe-forgetfulness, Cocytus-Sorrow, wailing, Phlegethon-fire
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Persephone
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pale bride of death
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Hermes
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Pyschopompos, leader of the dead from earth to the underworld
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Cerebus
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3 headed guard dog
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Charon
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Ferry man, ferry the dead across the river Styx, the dead must pay him, so they either put money on their eyes or in there mouth
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3 judges of the underworld
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Minos-sea king of crete, Rhadamanthys- brother of minos.
Aeaus-gate keeper They decide if the person has lead a good or bad life |
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Furies
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dark, female, spirits of the earth, protect and avenge blood ties, punishes homicide they are seen with snakes for hair torches and whips
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Hecate
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hearth, family goddess earth
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Homer's Odyssey
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1st view of hades, Odysseus must go to the seer Tiresias, who is dead in the underworld. Homer only gives a very vague description of the geography of hades
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For Odysseus to go to the underworld and talk to the dead and get back he need three Libations
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Barley, wine and blood of a black ram
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People that Odysseus lets drink the blood of the ram
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His mother-she gives up hope on Odysseus and kills herself.
Agamemnon-Sailed away to him home, but his wife kills him when he gets back. Achilles-dis Odysseus- turns away and says better to be the poorest farmer in greece, than a king in Ithaca, Phantom Herakles and Hebe-Living on Olympus, fake figures. |
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Bats of the underworld
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spirits, same personality, loves, hatesm drive and desires as when living but cant act upon them
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Half light of hades
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symbolizes half existense
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Plato's myth of Er
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mix of philosophical and religious beliefs, Incorporates Pythagorean belief in transmigration into a myth of fantastic narrative form with taditional religious elements
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Myth of Er
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Told by erm he died in battle,10 days later , he woke up to remember where his soul had gone and what it had seen (The underworld), The judges of the underworld sent him as a messanger to describe it to the living, so they know what to expect.
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Description of Hades
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2 opening in the earth opposite to 2 opening in the sky, holes are watch by four judges. The Just right sky, The unjust left earth, constant traffic as souls ascend and descend to the plain to be prepared for the next step
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Punishment for unjust deeds
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10x for each misdeed, 100 years- 1 full payment, 1000 average amount of years of suffering below, after suffering below, or happiness above they leave the plain
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Spindle of necessity (Anake)
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holds iniverse together as the cosmos revolves around it
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Fates
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3 fates souls approach the fates and choose a new life, Odysseus-ordinary man, Ajax-Lion (he is still angry), Orpheus Swan (he hates women)
Clotho-touches spindle and ratifies the new life by weaving thread into a pattern of a loom. Lachesis- Daimon-guiding spirit Atropos-interweaves life with destiny |
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Realm of Neccessity
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Soul passes through
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Lethe
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drink from this river and the souls forget their former life
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Shooting stars
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the souls are reborn as shooting stars
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Tantalus
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Chops Pelops (his son) up and feeds him to the gods, to see if they can tell, they can and he is sentenced to eternal hunger adn thirst
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Sisyphus
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chains up death, endlessly pushes a boulder up the hill but when it gets to the top it falls down the otherside and he has to start over
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Tityus
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killed by artemis and apollo for attacking Leto, twin vultures feed on his liver
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Ixion
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attacks hera, he is tortured with the wheel
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Elysian fields
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Roman inclusive heaven, orpheus, patriots pure priests, unborn roman heroes, discovers and inventors who benefit humankind
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Anchises
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father of aeneas who acts as his guide and explains the system
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Spirit
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present in all nature and in all comos, moves directs and creates all life and cosmos
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Humans are made of two types of material
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Pure-fiery power and celestial origin (soul)
Lesser-body, slows the spirit and is mortal, purged and punished |
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1000 years in the Elysian Fields
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reborn through twin gates of sleep True dreams and False Dreams
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Mystery Religion
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ritual and belief center around a central mystery which can be revealed only to the initiates life after death or rebirth
(dionysus and Demeter) |
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9 days of celebration
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Demeter searches with torch for nine days, fasting-demeter did not eat while looking for her daughter, Ritual purifications,Torch lit procession, joke-Iambe dirty and vulgar. Kykeon-barley corn meal and mint
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10 day
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Revelation see mystery, but no ones has ever told what the mystery was. Ritual marriage as METAPHOR human fertility and the fertility of the earth, Invention of agriculture- grain from seeds Initiate; immortality; life after death
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Dionysus and mystery religions
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eater of raw flesh, wine, destroyed adn reborn, worshipped in throng, Ecstasy, Pine (stays green in winter) and ivy (grows in a frenzy, doesn't die in winter) Evergreens. Sacrifice and sacrament, Rebirth as himself, Communion (where christians get it from)
lossof individual identity |
