Cj Exam 2

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Human physiognomy (1600)

Back 1

Study of facial features, Giambattista della porta studied cadavers of criminals

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Johann lavator (1700)

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Studied relationship between behavior and face structure

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Gall & phrenology (1800)

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Crime was one if the behaviors that is governed by sections of the brain, measuring bumps on the head

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1900s

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Science considered a new religion, knowledge and solution to problems like disease, crime, stwrvation, and unemployment

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Biogovernance

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Using biotechnology to manage potential deviants, cloning, gene therapy (human genome project)

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Biometrics

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Finger peints, palm prints, facial recognition, voice, key dtroke

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Key to understanding crime

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Study criminal actor, not the criminal act

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Positivist method

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Application of the scientific method to the study of the biological, psychological, and social characteristics of the criminal, look for cause and affect

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Criminal anthropology

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Classified by physical appearance (body type, shape of head), italians

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Cesare lombroso

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Father of criminology, used scientific method, opposes to beccaria. Humans differ, actavism

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Atavism

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Reappearance of a characteristic in a family after it had been absent for several generations

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Born criminals (predisposition to crime)

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1/3 of criminal population, responsible for most serious offenses

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Criminals by passion

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Commits crime to connect the emotional pain of an injustice (victims father kills offender)

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Insane criminal

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Imbecile/affected brain, unable to distinguish right from wrong

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Occasional criminal

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Weak, easily swayed, epilepsy, accidental crime and occupation is crime

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Enrico ferri

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Crime was physical (race/climate), anthropological (age/gender), and socaik. Preferred prevention, not punishment

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Garofalo

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Crime rooted in organic flaw, criminals unable to adapt to society, eliminated through death/imprisonment

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William Sheldon & body types

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No pure body type

Ectomorph: fragile & thin, very tense and thoughtful (rare theft)

Endomorph: round, pudgy, medium height (occasional fraud, delinquency)

Mesomorph: muscular, wide shoulders (aggressice, violent, robbery)

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Twin studies

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Identical (MZ) twins produce more crime than fraternal (DZ) twins, biological reasoning, Karl Christiansen

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Adoption studies

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Higher criminal rate if bio parent had a criminal record and adoptive parent didn't (environmental) Karl Christiansen. Research with nature portion w/o nurture portion messing with results

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E.O. Wilson

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Gene is the ultimate unit of life biology has biggest effect. Selfish gene and conditional free will

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Sensation and arousal theory

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Dopamine depressed people are those who have low levels of endorphins and dopamine & experience lower emotional arousal (Lee ellis)

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Eugenics

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Saving nations stock from degeneration by rejecting the unfot, preventing their reproduction & encouraging the fit to procreate

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Fishbein

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Behavior is not inherited, the way an individual responsible to the environment is inherited

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Extra Y chromosome (supermale)

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1-3% have it, no evidence on them being violent.

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ADD/ADHD (autonomic nervous system)

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Messes up system, more prone to commit criminal acts without fearing consequences

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Testosterone/progesterone

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Higher levels of testosterone link to aggressive/violent behavior in males. Reduction of progesterone causes stress and irritability in females

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Medical model

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If inheritance like genes are the causes of crime, then preventive policy should involve identifying people prior to their creating harm.

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Number 1 fiscal cost

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Corrections, keep people in until they served their minimum sentence. Used to be education in last decade

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2 things to be proven before guilty

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Mens rea (guilty mind,criminal intent), actus rea (voluntary participation in overt willful behavior.

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Mentally ill

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Not more likely to commit crimes than the healthy, less likely to relapse compared to others, 1.5 times more likely to be incarcerated than to be hospitalized

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Forensic psychology (profiling)

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Used to apprehend offenders and predict future stikes

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James Prichard (biological thinking)

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Moral insanity to describe criminal behavior

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Henry maudsley (bio thinking)

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Crime was a firm of release for pathological minds that prevented them from going insane

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Isaac ray (bio thinking)

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Believe that it was pathological urges that drove some to commit crime

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Differential psychology

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Differences between people

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Process psychology

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Differences in the situation and emergent environmens

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Socialization

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Criminal behaviors stem from abnormal development processes affecting the mind. (Traumatic events)

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Psychoanalytic approach (freud)

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Crime is an expression of buried internal conflicts that result from traumas and deprivation during childhood. Unconcious guilt (crime), demeaning and seeing women as castrated men

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Ego, is, superego

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Ego, reality. Id, pleasure. Superegi, moral police.

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Sublimation and repression

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Sub, diverting desires of id into actions approved by superego

Rep, drives of I'd denied, resulting in abnormal reactions

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Attachment theory (blaming mother) & psychoanalytic approach

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Maternal deprivation creates anti social and affection less people. Former a secure emotional base with someone for personality development

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Frustration/aggressive theory & psychoanalytic approach

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Those who feel that world is against them may turn to crime as a means of satisfying their creativity. Offender may not be responsible for actions, may be sick (inferiority complex)

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Limitations of frustration theory

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Circular logic, small number of subjects in research

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Trait base personality theory

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Criminal personally develops from illness, brain injury, drug abuse, environment. Identifying traits early can treat people before behavior becomes a problem. Reliance on diagnostic devices for research

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Anti social personality

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Pervasive pattern of disregard for and violation of rights of others (classification of behavior), replaced psychopath

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Psychopathology

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Socail, aggressive, feeling no guilt and no affection with others.

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Mmpi

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Minnesota multiphasic personality inventory. Detects personality patterns through T/F, detect future criminal

Front 49

CPI

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California psychological inventory. Determine if a person has traits like dominance, tolerance and sociability

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Social learning/modeling

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People don't respond but observe situations before they decide to act. Romodeling, imitation. Violence in movies, rewarding good behavior and monitoring media more complex than behavioral learning theory

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Limitations of learning theory

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Lack of understanding protective factors and unable to explain gender, race, age differences in behavior

Front 52

Cognitive theory

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Human reasoning processes shape way humans act. Bad learning produces criminal behavior choices, higher self-esteem.

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Piaget cognitive theory

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Children have ability to use logic, reflect though processes (kohlberg applied to moral development)

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Beck and bandura cognitive theory

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Thinking shapes feelings/actions, hostile framing, belief in one's ability to achieve their goals.

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Limitations on cognitive theory

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Doesn't explain why some offenders think criminally and why some dont, disregards emotions

Front 56

Ecological psychology

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Study of how environmental factors (unemployment, social settings). Community policing, manipulate environmental factors

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Evolutionary psychology

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Behavior is directly or indirectly related to inherited mechanisms that increase survival odds while dealing with natural selection (Lee ellis)

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Jfk's joint commission on mental health

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1. Should be a broader definition of who could deliver mental health services

2. Early invention was critical

3. Intervention should occur in the community

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Limitations on ecological and evolutionary

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Not well thought out, doesn't include that humans can modify their behavior

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Genetic evolutionary perspective

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Routes whereby behavior is maintained/changes over time. Biology, psychology, culture, environment

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Polis (greek)

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Rules agree that something is our policy

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Number 1 fiscal cost

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Corrections is number 1, very expensice. In the last decade it was education

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Federal prison released

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6,000 people in federal prison were released because of non-violent crimes (drugs)

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Judge Hathaway (Richard wershe trial)

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Ruled in favor of a resentencing of Richard because his youth at the time and the circumstances surrounding the crime

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Evolutionary neuroandrogenic theory

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Males are naturally selected to engage in resource procurement and status thriving (biological theory)

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Adrian raine (groups opposed to bio approach)

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Politicians, social scientists, eugenics moment peopke, advocates of free will

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Purpose of ch. 4 (bio)

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To establish a foundation for understanding contemporary criminology theory development

Front 68

Limitation of contemporary genetic studies

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Don't distinguish between occasional/situational crimes and crimes of longer-term, repetitive nature

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Prefrontal cortex

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Guardian angel part of the brain mentioned by Adrian raine

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Richard wernshe

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Served 27 years of his life with possibility of parole sentence for drug possession

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Criminal behavior

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Legally defined, not behavioral

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Genetic predisposition to criminal behavior

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Characteristics like low resting heart rate, smoking and drinking by pregnant mothers, nor eating enough fish

Front 73

Social learning theory

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Persons interactions with society's orgsnizations, institutions, and processes. People learn through modeling and teaching, either follow regular or delinquent norms

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Differential association theory

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Normal learning processes where the wrong behavior is learned. Content of what is learned and process if learning is important, crime is politically defined

Front 75

Sutherland (DAT) 9 positions

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1. Crime is learned

2.learned though interaction

3. Occurs within groups

4. Learning techniques/motives

5. Motive from legal codes

6. Excess of definitions favorable to violation of law is delinquent

7. Differential associations vary

8. Behavior is expression of needs

Front 76

Differential social organization

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Complex society is comprised of multiple conflicting groups, each with its own unique norms/values, having depends on group one is socialized with

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Differential association problems

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Not well defined, social learning is too simple and passive, not all criminal bahvior is learned and hard to test theory (cross-sectional)

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Differential reinforcement theory

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Rewarding a minor rule breaking can lead to more serious violationw, punishment may increase tendency towards crime. Criminal behavior is self-reinforcing

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Differential identification theory

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Burgess, akers, learning is a complex relationship depending on feedback from environment, pos/negative punishment

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Implications of DAT policy

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Keep youth away from criminal groups and educate them to resist messages from these groups. Help people already influenced by crime, family based community for youth

Front 81

Neutralization idea (matza, sykes)

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Juveniles learn how to excuse, justify, rationalize delinquency and crime. Mainstream and delinquent culture are connected, freeing of delinquent moral bind of law so they can choose to commit crime

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Social disorganization theory

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Those who become criminals are isolated from mainstream culture and forced into own impoverished neighborhood

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Observational learning

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Attention to behavior (arousal/awareness), retention of bevior (memory), behavior reproduction (pshycial capabilities and skills), motivation from others

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Neutralization original techniques

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Denial of responsibility, denial of injury, denial of victim (deserved it), condemnation of condemners (corrupt cj system), appeal to higher loyalties (steal for family)

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Neutralization new techniques

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Metaphor of ledger (done more good than bad), claim of normality, denial of negative intent (just a joke), claim of relative acceptability (not the worst criminal out there), claim of entitlement (army cheating on wives)

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Neutralization timing of techniques

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After illegal act to reduce blame, before doing act to see if acceptable, before thinking of act, actor moral free to choose the act.

Front 87

Banderas moral disengagement theory

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Involves psychological maneuvers to disengage moral control justificatory and displacement/diffusion of responsibility

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Neutralization policy implication

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Need to eliminate/lessen, contradictions in modern culture, injustice, double standards

Front 89

Limitations of neutralization theory

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No way to measure or identify, describes behavior of socially attached people only, cross-sectional not longitudinal

Front 90

Diffusion of responsibility

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Form of an excuse, diminishes persons active human agency both to himself and others

Front 91

Malcom x & black rights

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Could not own a house until 1970s in EL, could not be out after dark in 1950s. Malcom x father was killed in mason

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Strict gun laws

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Chicago/new york, football player sent to jail for 2 years for accidentally shooting self in the leg.

Front 93

Mental health &criminology

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It is a central issue and very brutal. Part of criminology, shouldn't own a gun if mentally ill or if done a lot of drugs

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Kkk

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Against the catholics because Christians said jews murdered Jesus and Romans crucified him. Hated the carholics

Front 95

2 main psychological assumptions

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Development if socialization, importance of measurement

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Dysfunctional thinking

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Hostile framing

Front 97

Mental illness violence and how many struggle

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Less than 5% are violent and 1 in 5 have a mental disorder

Front 98

Aaron beck

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Father of modern cognitive theory

Front 99

Expansion of affordable cares act, medicaid

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Key measure that would significantly expand access to mental health treatment

Front 100

Insanity defense

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Frequently used but not very successful in winning cases

Front 101

Juvenile prison sentencing

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Unconstitutional, cruel and unusual punishment. Henry Montgomery sentenced for life without parole. Deciding to set a ban on the cruel punishment but only for new criminals.