Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
14 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
What are nucleotides made of? |
Nucleic acids consisting of a phosphate, sugar, and base |
|
|
What are the 4 types of bases? |
Adenine, thymine, guanine, and cytosine |
|
|
How is DNA structured? |
Double helix - twisted ladder: Rails - phosphate/sugar Rungs - base pairs A/T G/C Template strand - sense, translates to amino acids Non-template - only structural |
|
|
Transcription |
RNA copy of DNA gene is made DNA (gene) > RNA (gene copy) |
|
|
Translation |
Protein is made from RNA gene copy, RNA (gene copy) > protein |
|
|
What are 3 forms of RNA? |
mRNA - messenger, copy of gene rRNA - ribosomal, site of translation tRNA - transfer, amino acid carrier |
|
|
Codon |
1. Segments of three nucleotide bases within a gene 2. Each codon is translated to one amino acid 3. Universal code - codons are the same in all living things |
|
|
What are the 3 types of codons? |
1. Initiator codon - protein code begins 2. Structural codon - amino acid sequence in protein 3. Terminator codon - protein code ends |
|
|
What are the steps of transcription? |
mRNA copy of DNA gene is made in nucleus: 1. Unwind chromosome and open helix 2. Match DNA bases with RNA bases 3. Product - RNA copy of gene |
|
|
What are the steps of translation? |
1. Initiation - mRNA meets rRNA 2. Elongation - tRNA's have an anti-codon and carry amino acid that matches the anticodon - tRNA for each amino acid - codons translated to amino acids 3. Termination - STOP codons 4. Protein processing - golgi |
|
|
What is a silent point mutation? |
Change in one nucleotide in a codon, no amino acid change, no effect |
|
|
What is a missense point mutation? |
Change to one nucleotide in a codon, different amino acid, semi-lethal mutation, chronic illness produced, but not lethal |
|
|
What is a nonsense point mutation? |
Change to one nucleotide in a codon, stop codon - incomplete protein, lethal mutation, important protein is inactive |
|
|
What causes mutations? |
Chemicals - insertional, substitutional Radiation - breaks covalent bonds Viruses - insert new genes Inheritance |
