Chordates

Front 1

Notochord:

Back 1

Dorsal cartilage rod providing support. Located between the gut and nerve cord. Vertebrates notochords became boney and surround the nerve chord.

Front 2

Dorsal Hollow Nerve Chord:

Back 2

Develops from a section of the embryo rolling into a tube. Unique to chordates. Nerve chords in annelids are ventral and solid.

Front 3

Pharyngeal Slits:

Back 3

Found in larval but not all adult forms. Allow water to pass over gills without passing through the digestive tract. Sometimes modified to form gills.

Front 4

Post-anal Tail:

Back 4

Basically a tail.

Front 5

Sea Squirts:

Back 5

They have all of the four traits in their larval stage. They then lose some of them when they become adults.

Front 6

Lancelets:

Back 6

Invertebrate chordate. They look very similar to an embryo. Closest living invertebrate cousin to vertebrates. Filter feeders.

Front 7

Vertebrate Characteristics:

Back 7

- Vertebrae surround the nerve chord.

- Cranium enclosing the brain.

- Endoskeleton of cartilage or bone.

- Closed circulatory system.

- Paired appendages.

- Respiration through lungs or gills.

- Efficient excretion through kidneys.

- High degree of cephalization.

Front 8

Jawed Fish:

Back 8

Can eat more and larger prey. Can take bites.

Front 9

Cartilaginous Fish:

Back 9

Skeletons of cartilage. Sharks, rays, skates.

Front 10

Cartilaginous Fish Senses:

Back 10

- Sense of smell.

- Lateral line: detects change in pressure on both sides of body.

- Can detect electrical currents.

Front 11

Tetrapods:

Back 11

Jawed vertebrates that can support their own weight on land.

Front 12

Amphibians:

Back 12

Tetrapods that still need water to survive. They need water to breed because they use external fertilization and their eggs are not hard.

Front 13

Amphibian Characteristics:

Back 13

- Usually tetrapods.

- Three chambered heart.

- Respiration occurs through lungs and skin.

- Some are poisonous.

Front 14

Amniotes:

Back 14

Vertebrates that can reproduce on land. Reptiles, birds, mammals.

Front 15

Amniote Egg Parts:

Back 15

- Yolk Sac: Contains nutrients for the embryo.

- Allantois: Sac for waste. Membrane with the chorion acts as respiratory system.

- Amnion: Protects embryo in fluid filled cavity. Cushions against shock.

- Chorion: Part of respiratory system.

Front 16

Reptiles:

Back 16

They were the first to live on land. They can do this because they have internal fertilization, amniotic egg, and scales.

Front 17

Birds:

Back 17

Adaptations to reduce weight:

-Lack teeth.

-Reduced tail vertebrae.

-Hollow bones.

Adaptation to help with flight:

-Keel like breast bone for attachment of large breast muscles for flight.

-Air foil wing.

-Warm blooded with four chambered heart for more active life.

Front 18

Amniote Hearts:

Back 18

Fish: Two chambered heart. Blood travels to gill capillaries to body to heart.

Amphibian: Three chambered heart. O2 rich and O2 poor blood mix in ventricle. Blood travels to lung capillaries to heart to body to heart.

Mammals/Birds: Four chambered heart. Complete separation of oxygenated blood and deoxygenated blood. More efficient.

Front 19

Mammal Characteristics:

Back 19

- Mammary glands in females produce milk.

- Most are covered in hair, prevents heat loss.

- Constant body temperature.

- Sweat and sebaceous glands in the skin.

- Two sets of teeth that are set in sockets in jaw.

- Infant dependency and parental care.

- Well-developed brain with very well developed cerebrum for reasoning.

- Digits.

- Four chambered heart.

- Highly developed kidneys.

- Terrestrial except for manatees n sh1t.

Front 20

Monotremes:

Back 20

Platypus and Echidna. Lay hard shelled eggs and secrete milk (no nipples).

Front 21

Marsupials:

Back 21

Australia m8. Give birth to under developed live young that complete their development while nursing in the marsupium.

Front 22

Placental Mammals:

Back 22

- Young born fully developed.

- Young nourished by well-developed placenta.

- Placenta provide nutrients and oxygen, takes away C02 and wastes.

Front 23

Primates:

Back 23

- Opposable thumbs.

- Nails not claws.

- Well developed brain.

- Single birth.

- Extended parental care.

- Learned behavior.