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229 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Agentic (instrumental) character traits
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Traits such as confidence, assertiveness, and ambition that enable a person to accomplish difficult tasks or goals.
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Borderwork
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Interaction rituals that are based on and reaffirm boundaries and differences between boys and girls.
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Chodorow's theory of gender socialization
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A theory of gender socialization that combines psychoanalytic ideas about identification of children with parents with an awareness of those parents' social roles in our society.
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Communal (expressive) character traits
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Traits that foster relationships with others, such as warmth, sensitivity, the ability to express tender feelings, and the desire to place concern about others' welfare above self-interest.
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Femininities
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Culturally defined ways of being a woman. The plural conveys the idea that there are varied models of appropriate behavior.
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Gender
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Attitudes and behavior associated with and expected of the two sexes. The term sex denotes biology, while gender refers to social role.
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Gender identity
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The degree to which an individual sees herself or himself as feminine or masculine based on society's definition of appropriate gender roles.
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Gender role
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Prescription for masculine or feminine behavior. The masculine gender role demands instrument character traits and behavior, whereas the feminine gender role specifies expressive character traits and behavior.
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Gender schema theory of gender socialization
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A framework of knowledge and beliefs about differences or similarities between males and females. Gender schema shape socialization into gender roles.
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Gender similarities hypothesis
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Assertion--backed by research--that there are few gender differences in characteristics and abilities.
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Hormonal processes
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Chemical processes within the body regulated by such hormones as testosterone (a "male" hormone) and estrogen (a "female" hormone). Hormonal processes are thought to shape behavior, as well as physical development and reproductive functions, although experts disagree as to their impact on behavior.
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Hormones
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Chemical substances secreted into the bloodstream by the endocrine glands.
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Intersexual
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A person whose genitalia, secondary sex characteristics, hormones, or other physiological features are not unambiguously male or female.
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Male dominance
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The cultural idea of masculine superiority; the idea that men should and do exercise the most control and influence over society's members.
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Masculinities
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Culturally defined ways of being a man. The plural conveys the idea that there are varied models of appropriate behavior.
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Modern sexism
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Sexism that takes the form of (a) denial of the existence of discrimination against women, (b) resentment of complaints about discrimination, and (c) resentment of "special favors" for women.
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Play
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As a term used in social theory, play references the symbolic interaction theory of George Herbert Mead. Play is not idle time, but a vehicle through which children develop appropriate concepts of adult roles, as well as images of themselves, through acting out social roles and engaging in social interaction.
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Self-identification theory of gender socialization
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A theory of gender socialization, developed by psychologist Lawrence Kohlberg, that begins with a child's categorization of self as male or female. The child goes on to identify sex-appropriate behaviors in the family, media, and elsewhere and to adopt those behaviors.
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Sex
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Refers to biological characteristics--that is, male or female anatomy or physiology. The term gender refers to the social roles, attitudes, and behavior associated with males or females.
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Social learning theory of gender socialization
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According to this theory, children learn gender roles as they are taught or modeled by parents, schools, and the media.
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Socialization
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The process by which society influences members to internalize attitudes, beliefs, values, and expectations.
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Symbolic interaction theory of gender socialization
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Uses the concepts of Charles Cooley (primary group, looking-glass self) and George Herbert Mead ("me" and "I," "play, the game, and the generalized other") to explain how children are socialized into culturally defined gender roles.
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Traditional sexism
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Beliefs that men and women are essentially different and should occupy different social roles, that women are not as fit as men to perform certain tasks and occupations, and that differential treatment of men and women is acceptable.
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Transgendered
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A person who has adopted a gender identity that differs from sex/gender as recorded at birth; a person who declines to identify as either male or female.
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Transsexual
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An individual who has begun life identified as a member of one sex, but later comes to believe he or she belongs to the other sex. The person may undertake surgical reconstruction to attain a body type closer to that of the desired sex.
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A-frame relationships
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A relationship style (symbolized by the capital letter A) in which partners have a strong couple identity but little self-esteem; therefore, they are dependent on each other rather than interdependent.
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Agape
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The love style that emphasizes unselfish concern for the beloved, in which one attempts to fulfill the other's needs even when that means some personal sacrifice (EX: Parents).
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Attachment theory
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A psychological theory that holds that, during infancy and childhood, a young person develops a general style of attaching to others; once an individual's attachment style is established, she or he unconsciously applies that style to later, adult relationships. The three basic styles are secure, insecure/anxious, and avoidant.
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Avoidant attachment style
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One of three attachment styles in attachment theory, this style avoids intimacy either by evading relationships altogether or by establishing considerable distance in intimate situations.
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Co-dependents
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"Persons who gravitate twoard relationships with exploitative or abusive partners around whom they organize their lives and to whom they remain strongly committed despite the absence of any identifiable rewards or personal fulfillment for themselves."
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Commitment (to intimacy)
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The determination to develop relationships in which experiences cover many areas of personality, problems are worked through, conflict is expected and seen as a normal part of the growth process, and there is an expectation that the relationship is basically viable and worthwhile.
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Commitment (Sternberg's theory)
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The short-term decision that one loves someone and the long-term commitment to maintain that love; one dimension of the triangular theory of love.
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Consummate love
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A complete love, in terms of Sternberg's triangular theory of love, in which the components of passion, intimacy, and commitment come together.
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Dependence
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The general reliance on another person or on several others for continuous support and assurance, coupled with subordination to the other(s). A dependent partner probably has low self-esteem and is having illegitimate needs met by the partner on whom he or she is dependent.
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Dopamine
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Chemical naturally produced in our brains that acts upon the pleasure center giving us powerful feelings of enjoyment. It is associated with new or novel pleasurable experiences & activities.
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Emotion
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A strong feeling arising without conscious mental or rational effort, such as joy, reverence, anger, fear, love, or hate. Emotions are neither bad nor good and should be accepted as natural. People can and should learn to control what they do about their emotions.
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Eros
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The love style characterized by intense emotional attachment and powerful sexual feelings or desires (EX: Romeo & Juliette).
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H-frame relationships
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Relationship that is structured like a capital letter H: Partners stand virtually alone, each self-sufficient and neither influenced much by the other. An example would be a devitalized, dual-career marriage.
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Illegitimate needs
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Needs that arise from feelings of self-doubt, unworthiness, and inadequacy. Loving partners cannot fill each other's illegitimate needs no matter how much they try. One fills one's illegitimate needs no matter how much they try. One fills one's illegitimate needs best by personally working to build one's self-esteem. A first step might be doing something nice for oneself rather than waiting for somebody else to do it.
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Independence
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Self-reliance and self-sufficiency. To form lasting intimate relationships, independent people must choose to become interdependent.
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Insecure/anxious attachment style
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One of three attachment styles in attachment theory, this style entails concern that the beloved will disappear, a situation often characterized as "fear of abandonment."
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Interdependence
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A relationship in which people who have high self-esteem make strong commitments to each other, choosing to help fill each other's legitimate, but not illegitimate, needs.
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Intimacy
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Committing oneself to a particular other and honoring that commitment in spite of some personal sacrifices while sharing one's inner self with the other. Intimacy requires interdependence.
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Intimacy (Sternberg's theory)
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sfd
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Legitimate needs
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Needs that arise in the present rather than out of the deficits accumulated in the past.
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Limerence
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A psycho-emotional situation in which one obsesses about another person (the "limerent object") and yearns for reciprocation but has little, if any, concern for the other person's well-being. Not to be confused with love or the early, anxious stage of discovering love.
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Love
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A deep and vital emotion resulting from significant need for satisfaction, coupled with a caring for and acceptance of the beloved, and resulting in an intimate relationship. Love may make the world go 'round, but it's a lot of work, too.
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Love style
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A distinctive characteristic or personality that loving or lovelike relationships can take. One social scientist has distinguished six: agape, eros, ludus, mania, pragma, and storge.
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Ludus
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The love style that focuses on love as play and on enjoying many sexual partners rather than searching for one serious relationship. This love style emphasizes the recreational aspect of sexuality (EX: Samantha from Sex in the City).
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Mania
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The love style that combines strong sexual attraction and emotional intensity with extreme jealousy and moodiness, in which manic partners alternate between euphoria and depression.
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Manipulating
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Seeking to control the feelings, attitudes, and behavior of one's partner or partners in underhanded ways rather than by assertively stating one's case.
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Martyring
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Doing all one can for others while ignoring one's own legitimate needs. Martyrs often punish the person to whom they are martyring by letting her or him know "just how much I put up with."
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M-frame relationships
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Relationship based on couple interdependence. Each partner has high self-esteem, but they mutually influence each other and experience loving as a deep emotion.
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Mutuality
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sdf
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Narcissism
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Concern chiefly or only with oneself, without regard for the well-being of others. Narcissism is selfishness, not self-love. People with high self-esteem care about and respect themselves and others. Narcissistic, or selfish, people, on the other hand, have low self-esteem, are insecure, and therefore worry unduly about their own well-being and very little about that of others.
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Oxytocin
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"Love" or "cuddle" hormone that seems to be related to human feelings of deep friendship, trust, sexuality, love, bonding, & commitment.
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Passion (Sternberg's theory)
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The drives that lead to romance, physical attraction, sexual consummation, and so on in a loving relationship; one dimension of the triangular theory of love.
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Pragma
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The love style that emphasizes the practical, or pragmatic, element in human relationships and involves the rational assessment of a potential (or actual) partner's assets and liabilities (EX: "You can love a rich man just as easily as a poor man.").
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Psychic intimacy
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The sharing of people's minds and feelings. psychic intimacy may or may not involve sexual intimacy.
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Secure attachment style
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One of three attachment styles in attachment theory, this style involves trust that the relationship will provide necessary and ongoing emotional and social support.
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Self-disclosure
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Letting others see one as one really is. Self-disclosure demands authenticity.
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Self-revelation
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Gradually sharing intimate information about oneself.
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Self-worth
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Part of a person's self-concept that involves feelings about one's own value; also called self-esteem.
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Sexual intimacy
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A level of interpersonal interaction in which partners have a sexual relationship. Sexual intimacy may or may not involve psychic intimacy.
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Sternberg's triangular theory of love
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sdf
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Storge
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An affectionate, companionate style of loving (EX: The Notebook).
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Symbiotic relationship
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A relationship based on the mutual meeting of illegitimate needs.
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Wheel of love
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An idea developed by Ira Reiss in which love is seen as developing through a four-stage, circular process, including rapport, self-revelation, mutual dependence, and personality need fulfillment.
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Abstinence
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The standard that maintains that nonmarital intercourse is wrong or inadvisable for both women and men regardless of the circumstances. Many religions espouse abstinence as a moral imperative, while some individuals are abstinent as a temporary or permanent personal choice.
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Asexual, asexuality
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A person who is asexual does not experience sexual desire. This is different from abstinence or celibacy, which is a choice to not engage in sexual activity despite feelings of sexual desire. Asexuality may be considered a sexual orientation.
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Bisexual
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A person who is sexually attracted to both males and females.
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Cyberadultery
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Marital infidelity or adultery on the Internet.
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Double standard
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The standard according to which nonmarital sex or multiple partners are more acceptable for males than for females.
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Expressive sexuality
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The view of human sexuality in which sexuality is basic to the humanness of both women and men, all individuals are free to express their sexual selves, and there is no one-sided sense of ownership.
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Friends with benefits
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Sexual activity between friends or acquaintances with no expectation of romance or emotional attachment. Typically practiced by unattached people who want to have a sexual outlet without "complications."
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Gay
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A person whose sexual attraction is to persons of the same sex. Used especially for males, but may include both sexes. This term is usually used rather than homosexual.
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GLBT
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An acronym for gay, lesbian, bisexual, or transgendered; a term commonly used when discussing sexual minorities.
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Habituation
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The decreased interest in sex over time that results from the increased accessibility of a sexual partner and the predictability of sexual behavior with that partner.
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Habituation hypothesis
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Hypothesis that the decline in sexual frequency over a marriage results from habituation.
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Heterosexism
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The taken-for-granted system of beliefs, values, and customs that places superior value on heterosexual behavior (as opposed to homosexual) and denies or stigmatizes nonheterosexual relations. This tendency also sees the heterosexual family as standard.
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Heterosexual
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A person who prefers sexual partners of the opposite sex.
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HIV/AIDS
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HIV is human immunodeficiency virus, the virus that causes AIDS, or acquired immune deficiency syndrome. AIDS is a sexually transmitted disease involving breakdown of the immune system defense against viruses, bacteria, fungi, and other diseases.
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Holistic view of sex
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The view that martial or other partnered sex is an extension of the whole relationship.
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Homophobia
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Fear, dread, aversion to, and often hatred of homosexuals.
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Homosexual
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A person who is sexually attracted to persons of the same sex. Preferred terms are gay or gay man for men and lesbian for women.
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Hooking up
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A sexual encounter between young people with the understanding that there is no obligation to see each other again or to endow the sexual activity with emotional meaning. Usually there is a group or network context for hooking up; that is, the individuals meet at a social event or have common acquaintances. On some college campuses and elsewhere, hooking up has replaced dating, which is courtship-oriented socializing and sexual activity.
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Interactionist perspective on human sexuality
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A perspective, derived from symbolic interaction theory, which holds that sexual activities and relationships are shaped by the sexual scripts available in a culture.
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Interpersonal exchange model of sexual satisfaction
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A view of sexual relations, derived from exchange theory, that sees sexual satisfaction as shaped by the costs, rewards, and expectations of a relationship and the alternatives to it.
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Lesbian
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A woman who is sexually attracted to other women. This term is usually used rather than homosexual.
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Patriarchal sexuality
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The view of human sexuality in which men own everything in the society, including women and women's sexuality. Males' sexual needs are emphasized while females' needs are minimized.
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Permissiveness with affection
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The standard that permits nonmarital sex for women and men equally, provided they have a fairly stable, affectionate relationship.
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Permissiveness without affection
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The standard that allows nonmarital sex for women and men regardless of who much stability or affection exists in their relationship. Also called the recreational standard.
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Pleasure bond
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The idea, from Masters and Johnson's book by the same name, that sexual expression between intimates is one way of expressing and strengthening the emotional bond between them.
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Pleasuring
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Spontaneously doing what feels good at the moment during a sexual encounter; the opposite of spectatoring.
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Sexual orientation
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The attraction an individual has for a sexual partner of the same or opposite sex.
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Sexual responsibility
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The assumption by each partner of responsibility for his or her own sexual response.
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Sexual script
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A script is a culturally written pattern or "plot" for human behavior. A sexual script offers reasons for having sex and designates who should take the sexual initiative, how long an encounter should last, what positions are acceptable, and so forth.
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Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs)
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Contagious diseases transmitted from one person to another through sexual contact. They are also termed sexually transmitted infections.
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Spectatoring
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A term Masters and Johnson coined to describe the practice of emotionally removing oneself from a sexual encounter in order to watch oneself and see how one is doing it.
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Collectivist society
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A society in which people identify with and conform to the expectations of their relatives or clan, who look after their interests in return for their loyalty. The group has priority over the individual. A synonym is communal society.
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Companionate marriage
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The single-earner, breadwinner-homemaker marriage that flourished in the 1950s. Although husbands and wives in the companionate marriage usually adhered to a sharp division of labor, they were supposed to be each other's companion--friends, lovers--in a realization of trends beginning in the 1920s.
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Courtly love
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Popular during the twelfth century and later, courtly love is the intense longing for someone other than one's marital partner--a passionate and sexual longing that ideally goes unfulfilled. The assumptions of courtly love influence our modern ideas about romantic love.
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Deinstitutionalization of marriage
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A situation in which time-honored family definitions are changing and family-related social norms are weakening so that they "count for far less" than in the past.
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Expectations of permanence
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One component of the marriage premise, according to which individuals enter marriage expecting that mutual affection and commitment will be lasting.
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Expectations of sexual exclusivity
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The cultural ideal according to which spouses promise to have sexual relations with only one another.
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Experience hypothesis
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The idea that the independent variable in a hypothesis is responsible for changes to a dependent variable. With regard to marriage, the experience hypothesis holds that something about the experience of being married itself causes certain results for spouses.
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Extended family
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Family including relatives besides parents and children, such as aunts or uncles.
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Family of orientation
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The family in which an individual grows up. Also called family of origin.
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Family of procreation
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The family that is formed when an individual marries and has children.
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Healthy Marriage Initiative (HMI)
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Federal program initiated in 2004 and targeted to TANF ("welfare") recipients, consisting of workshops on listening, communication, and problem-solving skills, as well as presentations on the value of marriage.
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Individualism
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The cultural milieu that emerged in Europe with industrialization and that values personal self-actualization and happiness along with individual freedom.
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Individualistic society
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Society in which the main concern is with one's own interests (which may or may not include those of one's immediate family).
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Individualized marriage: 70s and 80s
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Concept associated with the argument that contemporary marriage in the United States and other fully industrialized Western societies is no longer institutionalized. Four interrelated characteristics distinguish individualized marriage: (1) it is optional; (2) spouses' roles are flexible--negotiable and renegotiable; (3) its expected rewards involve love, communication, and emotional intimacy; and (4) it exists in conjunction with a vast diversity of family forms.
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Institutional marriage
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Marriage as a social institution based on dutiful adherence to the time-honored marriage premise (which see), particularly the norm of permanence. "Once ensconced in societal mandates for permanence and monogamous sexual exclusivity, the institutionalized marriage in the United States was centered on economic production, kinship network, community connections, the father's authority, and marriage as a functional partnership rather than a romantic relationship...Family tradition, loyalty, and solidarity were more important than individual goals and romantic interest." Also referred to as institutionalized marriage.
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Kin
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Parents and other relatives, such as in-laws, grandparents, aunts and uncles, and cousins.
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La familia
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Spanish term that literally means "the family" and, for Hispanics, connotes the extended as well as the nuclear family.
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Marriage premise
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By getting married, partners accept the responsibility to keep each other primary in their lives and to work hard to ensure that their relationship continues.
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Pluralistic family
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Term used to designate the contemporary family, characterized by "tolerance and diversity, rather than a single family ideal." Taking many forms, the pluralistic family is also referred to as the postmodern family.
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Polyamory
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A marriage system in which one or both spouses retain the option to sexually love others in addition to their spouses.
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Polyandry
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A marriage system in which a woman has more than one spouse.
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Polygamy
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A marriage system in which a person takes more than one spouse.
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Polygyny
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A marriage system in which one man has multiple wives; a marriage of a woman with plural husbands is termed polyandry.
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Selection hypothesis
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The idea that many of the changes found in a dependent variable, which might be assumed to be associated with the independent variable, are really due to sample selection. For instance, the selection hypothesis posits that many of the benefits associated with marriage--for example, higher income and wealth, along with better health--are not necessarily due to the fact of being married but, rather, to the personal characteristics of those who choose--or are selected into--marriage. Similarly, the selection hypothesis posits that many of the characteristics associated with cohabitation result not from the practice of cohabitating itself but from the personal characteristics of those who choose to cohabit.
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Social institution
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A system of patterned and predictable ways of thinking and behaving--beliefs, values, attitudes, and norms--concerning important aspects of people's lives in society. Examples of major social institutions are the family, religion, government, the economy, and education.
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Swinging
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A marriage agreement in which couples exchange partners in order to engage in purely recreational sex.
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Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF)
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Federal legislation that replaces Aid to Families with Dependent Children and whereby government welfare assistance to poor parents is limited to five years for most families, with most adult recipients required to find work within two years.
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Civil union
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Legislation like that in Hawaii or Vermont that allows any two single adults--including same-sex partners or and adult child--to have access to virtually all marriage rights and benefits on the state level, but none on the federal level. Designed to give same-sex couples many of the legal benefits of marriage while denying them the right to legally marry.
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Cohabitation
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Living together in an intimate, sexual relationship without traditional, legal marriage. Sometimes referred to as living together or marriage without marriage. Cohabitation can be a courtship process or an alternative to legal marriage, depending on how partners view it.
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Commune
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A group of adults and perhaps children who live together, sharing aspects of their lives. Some communes are group marriages, in which members share sex; others are communal families, with several monogamous couples, who share everything except sexual relations and their children.
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Consensual marriage
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Heterosexual, conjugal unions that have not gone through a legal marriage ceremony.
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Culture war
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Deep cultural conflict, often buttressed by religious belief systems, over matters concerning human sexuality and gender.
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Defense of Marriage Act (DOMA)
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Federal statute declaring marriage to be a "legal union of one man and one woman," denying gay couples many of the civil advantages of marriage and relieving states of the obligation to grant reciprocity, or "full faith and credit," to marriages performed in another state.
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Domestic partner
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Partner in an unmarried couple who have registered their partnership with a civil authority and then enjoy some (although not necessarily all) rights, benefits, and entitlements that have traditionally been reserved for marrieds.
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Sex ratio
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The number of men per 100 women in a society. If the sex ratio is above 100, there are more men than women; if it is below 100, there are more women than men.
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Single
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Any person who is divorced, widowed, or never-married.
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Which term is used by your text to describe societal attitudes and behaviors expected of and associated with the two sexes?
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Gender role
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___ refers to male or female anatomy and physiology and includes the different chromosomal, hormonal, and anatomical components of males and females that are present at birth.
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Sex
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Confidence, assertiveness, and ambition can be classified as ____________ character traits.
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Instrumental
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A relative absence of ambition characterizes our expectations of women, who are thought to embody __________ character traits.
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Expressive
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Which is the correct term for a person who has been raised as one sex, while emotionally identifying with the other?
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Transsexual
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Some bureaucratic forms now include a(n) "___________" box as well as those for "male" and "female," suggesting the beginning of societal accommodation to a more complex sex/gender system.
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Transgender
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Traditionally, the ideal woman has several stereotypical traits. Which of the following is NOT one of these?
a. not too competitive b. physically attractive c. a good listener d. career ambition |
Career ambition
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During the 1980s, a new cultural message about men emerged. According to this message, the "__________" male or "new man" is emotionally sensitive and expressive, valuing tenderness and equal relationships with women.
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Liberated
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On the societal level, ____ _________ is the assignment to men of greater control and influence over society's institutions.
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Male dominance
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Overall, gender schema theorists see gender schema as ___________ traditional stereotypes.
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Maintaining
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Which of the following is NOT classified as an emotion?
a. anger b. analysis c. fear d. reverence |
Analysis
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Illegitimate needs are sometimes called "________ needs."
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Deficiency
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Sociologist Francesca Cancian maintains that love is expressed mostly ________ in American society.
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Verbally
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According to the text, love involves ________, which implies sharing and a sense of commitment.
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Intimacy
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John Alan Lee classified six:
a. types of sexual relationships. b. forms of intimacy. c. love styles. d. patterns of cohabitation. |
Love styles
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According to therapist John Crosby's typology, which of the following types of relationships rests on interdependence, with each partner having adequate self-esteem and partners experiencing love as a deep emotion?
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M-frame
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James and Susan frequently watch videos and DVDs together. When either one of them watches a movie without the other person, each of them feels lonely. This illustrates:
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Mutual dependency
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According to the text, being ________ means that you do not expect your partner to meet all of your needs all of the time.
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Realistic
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According to the text, human beings are sexual beings________
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Throughout their entire lives.
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From a(n) ________ perspective, we consider that humans are designed for the purpose of transmitting their genes to the next generation.
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Biosocial
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In a(n) ________ society, sex is defined as a physiological activity, valued for its procreative potential.
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Patriarchal
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In its original form, the double standard meant that:
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Women should not have sex before or outside of marriage, but men can.
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An NSFH study cited in the text determined that ________ was the second largest predictor of sexual frequency (after age).
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Marital satisfaction
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Gay/lesbian sexuality, like heterosexual behavior, has been explored among African Americans mostly in the context of:
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Problems.
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Masters, Johnson, and Kolodny view sex as a ________ by which partners commit themselves to expressing their sexual feelings with each other.
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Pleasure bond
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Of the following groups, which has been affected the most by HIV/AIDS?
a. teenage females b. teenage males c. young and middle-aged adults d. elderly males |
Young and middle-aged adults
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One of the most striking changes over the past several decades has been the emergence of ________ issues as political controversies.
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Sexual and reproductive
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Which of the following is NOT one of the principles of sexual responsibility that may serve as a guideline for sexual decision making?
a. the possibility of contracting sexual transmitted diseases or transmitting them to someone else b. communicating with partners or potential sexual partners. c. the advisability of contraceptive use d. the possibility of pregnancy |
The advisability of contraceptive use
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About ________ percent of Americans are, have been, or will be married for at least part of their lives.
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90
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Permanence and sexual exclusivity are two every important elements of the marriage:
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Premise.
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Hal and Megan are married, but have agreed to retain the option of sexually and emotionally loving others. This is referred to in the text as:
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Polyamory.
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Parents and children, along with other relatives, such as in-laws, grandparents, aunts and uncles, and cousins are included in the ________ family.
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Extended
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In a(n) ________ marriage, the husband and wife could expect practical and economic security, along with the rewards that we often associate with custom and tradition.
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Institutional
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In a(n) ________ marriage, the husband was expected mainly to be a hard-working provider and the wife, a good housekeeper and cook.
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Companionate
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In a(n) ________ marriage, which dominates Americans' goals for marriage today, partners expect companionship and intimacy as well as more practical benefits.
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Individualized
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For Hispanics today, la familia means:
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The extended as well as the nuclear family.
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Policy advocates from a marital ________ perspective are mainly concerned about the high number and proportions of parents and children living in poverty.
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Change
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An important goal from the marital ________ perspective is to return to a society more in line with the values and norms of companionate marriage.
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Decline
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To social scientists, single still means:
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Unmarried.
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Which category (all ages) is least likely to live alone?
a. blacks b. divorced parents c. Asians and Hispanics d. non-Hispanic whites |
Asians and Hispanics
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An emerging alternative to marriage is ________, where a couple is engaged in a long-term relationship, but each partner also maintains a separate dwelling.
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Living alone together (LAT)
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Young singles choose to live with their parents for several reasons. Which of the following is NOT one of these reasons?
a. economic support b. tax shelter c. the need for help with child raising d. the need for emotional support |
Tax shelter
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Communal living is designed to provide ________.
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Social support and companionship
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Cohabiting couples are ________ as likely as marrieds to be interracial.
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Twice
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Research has compared adolescents living in married, two-biological-parent families with those who have lived with a cohabiting parent. Those adolescents who have lived with a cohabiting parent are more likely to experience all EXCEPT which of the following?
a. higher academic test scores b. antisocial and delinquent behaviors c. earlier premarital intercourse d. higher rates of school suspension |
Higher academic test scores
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Lesbian and gay singles:
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Comprise a diverse category of all ages and racial/ethnic groups.
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In 2004, which state allowed gay and lesbian couples to marry legally (although this situation could change due to pending legal challenges to the law)?
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Massachusetts
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The text indicates that perhaps the greatest challenge to unmarried individuals of both genders is:
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The development of strong social networks.
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Much of human behavior has evolved because of it's effectiveness in . . .
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enabling survival.
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T/F: People's behavior is influenced by biology (e.g., hormones) in tandem with environmental and cultural factors.
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TRUE
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Masculine traits:
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1) Dominant
2) Independent 3) Aggressive 4) Achievement oriented 5) Power oriented |
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Feminine characteristics/traits:
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1) Warm
2) Sensitive 3) Concerned about the needs of others 4) Expressive character traits 5) Nurturing 6) Placing concern about others' above self-interest |
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Professional woman:
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Independent, ambitious, self-confident
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Superwoman:
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A good wife and/or mother attains career success & supports her children by herself.
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Satisfied single:
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A woman (heterosexual or lesbian, employed, possibly a parent) who is happy and not in a serious relationship w/ a male.
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Psychologist Janet Hyde found evidence of gender differences in:
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1) Motor performance, especially in throwing distance and speed.
2) Sexuality, especially male's greater incidence of masturbation & acceptance of casual sex. 3) Physical aggressiveness. |
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Traingle Theory of Love:
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1) Intimacy
2) Passion 3) Commitment |
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Sternberg's love combinations:
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1) Consummate love: intimacy, passion, and commitment
2) Romantic love: intimacy & passion 3) Companionate love: intimacy & commitment 4) Infatuation: only passion |
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3 things love isn't:
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1) Martyring
2) Manipulating 3) Limerence |
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Martyrs may:
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1) Be reluctant to suggest what they want
2) Allow others to be constantly late & never protest 3) Help loved ones develop talents while neglecting their own 4) Be sensitive to others' feelings & hide their own |
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Manipulators want to control:
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1) Feelings
2) Attitudes 3) Behaviors 4) Partners |
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Manipulators may:
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1) Ask others to do something that they could do
2) Assume that others will happily do w/e they choose 3) Be consistently late 4) Want others to help them develop their talents |
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T/F: Limerence can turn into genuine love.
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TRUE; Mostly it doesn't.
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Therapist John Crosby's 3 types of dependence:
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1) A-frame (dependent)
2) H-frame (independent) 3) M-frame (interdependent) |
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We can enhance self-worth by:
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1) Focusing on assets, not weaknesses
2) Developing our talents 3) Affirming or supporting others 4) Contributing to our communities |
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Misconceptions that limit our ability to maintain love:
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1) Infatuation equals love; chemistry is all that matters.
2) If it isn't perfect, it wasn't meant to be. 3) You can't rekindle passion; once love dies, you can never get it back. 4) There is one true soul mate for everyone. 5) Love conquers all; if a relationship is tough, it means you have the wrong partner. 6) Love is a static state; once you fall in love, you get on a high and stay there forever. 7) Love is a feeling, and you either have it or you don't. |
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Being realistic:
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You don't expect your partner to meet all your needs all the time.
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Mutuality:
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Both partners meet one another's needs.
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Keeping love involves:
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1) Recognizing the relationship's importance
2) Having supportive communication 3) Deciding to spend time together |
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When people are newly in love, they tend to have ______ brain levels of dopamine.
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higher
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Twin studies link genetics to sexual orientation.
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1) Males
a. 52% of identical twins b. 22% of fraternal twins 2) Females a. 48% of identical twins b. 16% of fraternal twins |
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Best predictor of when a teenager will have sexual intercourse?
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When their friends are.
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Best predictor of when a teenager will begin to date?
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When kids in their HS are.
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Results of high expectations of marriages:
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1) Deciding not to marry, because she or he can't find a "soul mate"
2) High divorce rates 3) Lower birth rates as individuals focus on options in addition to raising children. |
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Benefits to marriage?
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1) Inc. wealth & assests
2) Inc. wages 3) Inc. frequent & better sex 4). Overall inc. health (physical & psychological) 5) Dec. to engage in risk-taking 6) Dec. alcohol-related prblms 7) Dec. rates of marijuana use 8) Inc. likelihood to engage in healthy behaviors 9) Evidenced an "orderly life style" |
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Children in married families were about ____ __ ______ to drop out of high school.
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Half as likely
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Although Hispanics & African Americans have higher rates of single-parent families, the majority of mother-headed, single-parent families are ___________ ______.
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Non-Hispanic whites
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With __% of black men and __% of black women currently married, African Americans are less likely to wed than are other US racial/ethnic groups.
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46, 38
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__% of college-educated African Americans are married, compared with __% of Hispanics and __% of non-Hispanic whites.
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55, 57, 65
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States that have enacted covenant marriage laws:
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1) Louisiana
2) Arizona 3) Arkansas |
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The number of 1-person households has __________ dramatically over the past 30 years.
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Increased
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More collectivist Asian & Hispanic cultures are ___ likely to live alone.
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Less
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Advantages of LAT:
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1) Space & privacy
2) Variable sleep needs 3) Allergies 4) Variable social needs 5) Self-expression & comfort 6) Elder care 7) Leaving inheritance to children |
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Disadvantages of LAT:
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1) Stigma or disapproval
2) Cost 3) Inconvenience 4) Lack of shared history 5) Waking up alone |
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In 2000, more than __ between 18-24 lives w/ parents.
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1/2
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3 broad groups of cohabitation:
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1) An alternative way of being single (uncommitted)
2) An alternative to marriage (committed) 3) Testing ground for marriage |
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Cohabitation as an alternative to marriage is most common among . . .
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less affluent & less well-educated yet is seen in all social, educational, & age groups
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Advantages of cohabitation:
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1) Sense of wellbeing
2) Delayed marriage 3) Knowledge about self & partner 4) Safety (particularly for females) |
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Disadvantages of cohabitation:
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1) Feeling used or tricked
2) Problems w/ parents 3) Economic disadvantages 4) Effects on children (40%) 5) Breaking up |
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Compared to married couples, unmarrieds. . .
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1) Less homogenous
2) 2x as likely to be interracial 3) More likely to be nontraditional 4) Less stable (more likely to break up) 5) Less committed to relationship 6) Pool finances less 7) Less social support 8) Less monogamous sex |
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Cohabitation relationships are relatively short term: __ last less than a year (break up or marry).
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1/2
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Approximately __ of non-marital breaths occur to cohabitating couples.
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1/2
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___ __ ____ American children will live in a family headed by a cohabitating couple at some point during childhood.
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One in four
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_________ & _____ cohabitating couples are more likely to conceive a child together and to remain cohabitating together rather than marrying, after a child is born.
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Less
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